Biblioterapijos paslaugos viešosiose bibliotekose: Lietuvos atvejis

Bibliotherapy, as an interdisciplinary field, is undeniably heavily researched on a global scale, yet there are relatively few studies, especially empirical ones, devoted exclusively to the problems of public libraries, while those that would focus only on the services provided by librarians themselves, excluding cooperation with specialists in the field of health promotion, have been undetected at all. The concept, typology, methodology of bibliotherapy and specialists, who can provide services in this field, especially the scope of librarians’ possibilities, are still being discussed in multidirectional works of bibliotherapy. The article presents the results of a quantitative empirical study based on the synthesis of multidisciplinary bibliotherapy research, which allowed to determine the librarians’ own possibilities to provide biblio­therapy services, revealing the state of bibliotherapy services provision in Lithuanian public libraries in 2022. In addition, the article provides a comparative analysis of this study and secondary sources, which showed the evolution and development possibilities of the provision of bibliotherapy services in Lithuanian public libraries. It was found that in most libraries, at least one bibliotherapy service is provided by their own staff. Out of them, slightly more than twice (both qualitatively and quantitatively) of services are attributable to passive bibliotherapy, exclusively covering an intrapersonal level of communication, based on recommendations of books to be read, which is traditionally more characteristic of these institutions, rather than those to be associated with its active variety, which includes an individual interaction of a reader with a librarian inspired by the read book, or a group one - with the members of the book club led by them that integrates an interpersonal level of communication as well. However, as shown by the comparative analysis of the results of the quantitative research of the same object of 2022 and 2011, the active bibliotherapy, which promotes the interaction of readers, is also becoming popular in Lithuania as the functions of libraries expand in the direction of socialization. This is largely in line with global trends. Summarizing the data of the latest research presented in the article and previous secondary sources, it can be stated that in the early 21st century, library bibliotherapy began to be developed at the formal level, and after the development breakthrough recorded at the turn of the first and second decades it has already established itself as a service provided by Lithuanian public libraries. The librarians’ attitudes towards it are positive, the motivation to expand the range or scope of bibliotherapy services is increasing. Although librarians both independently and institutionally, usually through projects or occasional trainings deepen their knowledge in this field, yet its lack is still mentioned, and in particular, the lack of practical skills necessary for organizing more formal active bibliotherapy activities, which leads to a lack of confidence in their own abilities and induces them to limit themselves to the role of an event organizer with a guest lecturer. As one of the ways to solve this problem, long-term institutionalized training in bibliotherapy is mentioned. It is available to those who want to improve in this field and to expand library bibliotherapy services, which help to implement the traditional functions of book repositories and reading promotion and more advanced, globally relevant functions of community gathering and reader education.Biblioterapija, kaip tarpdisciplininė sritis, pasauliniu mastu tikrai gausiai tyrinėjama, tačiau išskirtinai viešųjų bibliotekų problematikai skirtų tyrimų, ypač – empirinių, santykinai nedaug, o tokių, kurių fokusas būtų tik pačių bibliotekininkų teikiamos jos paslaugos, neįtraukiant bendradarbiavimo su sveikatinimo srities specialistais, apskritai neaptikta. Įvairiakrypčiuose biblioterapinės pakraipos darbuose iki šiol tebediskutuojama dėl biblioterapijos sampratos, tipologijos, metodologijos ir šios srities paslaugas galinčių teikti specialistų, ypač – dėl bibliotekininkų galimybių aprėpties. Straipsnyje pristatomi įvairiasričių biblioterapijos tyrimų sintezės, leidusios nustatyti pačių bibliotekininkų galimas teikti biblioterapijos paslaugas, pagrindu paremto kiekybinio empirinio tyrimo rezultatai, atskleidžiantys biblioterapinių paslaugų teikimo būklę Lietuvos viešosiose bibliotekose 2022 metais. Taip pat pateikiama lyginamoji šio tyrimo ir antrinių šaltinių analizė, atskleidusi biblioterapijos paslaugų teikimo Lietuvos viešosiose bibliotekose raidą ir plėtros galimybes. Nustatyta, kad daugumoje bibliotekų pačių jos darbuotojų jėgomis yra teikiama bent viena biblioterapijos paslauga. Iš jų kiek daugiau nei dvigubai – ir kokybiniu, ir kiekybiniu aspektu – paslaugų, priskirtinų šioms įstaigoms tradiciškai būdingesnei tik intraasmeninį komunikacijos lygmenį apimančiai skaitytinų knygų rekomendacijomis paremtai pasyviajai biblioterapijai, nei sietinų su aktyviąja jos atmaina, apimančia skaitytos knygos inspiruotą individualią skaitytojo sąveiką su bibliotekininku arba grupinę – su jo vedamo knygų klubo nariais, integruojančią ir tarpasmeninį komunikacijos lygmenį. Tačiau, kaip parodė šio, 2022 m., ir 2011 m. to paties objekto taip pat kiekybinio tyrimo rezultatų lyginamoji analizė, skaitytojų sąveiką skatinanti aktyvioji biblioterapija, plečiantis bibliotekų funkcijoms socializacijos kryptimi, Lietuvoje taip pat populiarėja. Tai iš esmės atitinka pasaulines tendencijas. Apibendrinant straipsnyje pristatyto naujausio tyrimo ir ankstesnių antrinių šaltinių duomenis konstatuotina, kad XXI a. pradžioje formaliuoju lygmeniu pradėta plėtoti bibliotekinė biblioterapija po pirmojo ir antrojo dešimtmečių sandūroje užfiksuoto plėtros proveržio jau yra įsitvirtinusi kaip Lietuvos viešųjų bibliotekų teikiama paslauga. Bibliotekininkų nuostatos jos atžvilgiu pozityvios, didėja motyvacija plėsti biblioterapijos paslaugų spektrą ar apimtis. Nors bibliotekininkai savarankiškai ir instituciškai, dažniausiai per projektus ar pavienius mokymus, gilina šios srities žinias, vis dėlto tebeminimas jų trūkumas, o ypač – praktinių įgūdžių, būtinų formalesnėms aktyviosios biblioterapijos veikloms organizuoti, stoka, lemianti nepasitikėjimą savo jėgomis, skatinanti apsiriboti renginio organizatoriaus su kviestiniu lektoriumi vaidmeniu. Kaip vienas iš būdų spręsti šią problemą minimi ilgalaikiai institualizuoti biblioterapijos mokymai, prieinami norintiesiems tobulintis šioje srityje ir plėsti bibliotekinės biblioterapijos paslaugas, padedančias įgyvendinti tradicines knygų saugyklų bei skaitymo skatinimo ir naujesnes pasauliniu mastu aktualėjančias bendruomenės telkimo ir skaitytojų edukacijos funkcijas

Biblioterapijos taikymas geštalto terapijoje: grožinės knygos kaip asmenybės transformacijos stimuliatorės

The theory of the Gestalt therapy which is based on the humanist attitude towards the personality is applied in the social work, education, etc. It is considered to serve as a foundation of interactive bibliotherapy. However, as the professional discourse of the experts of Gestalt has demonstrated, and as it has been proven by the lack of research of the application of bibliotherapy in Gestalt therapy, bibliotherapy is still being underused as an option in Gestalt treatment. Generally, even though the interdisciplinary field of bibliotherapy has been extensively explored, there is an incentive to share the scarce (in terms of quantity) models of the applied nature which would define how bibliotherapy could be systematically involved into various consultation practices with the objective to enhance their efficiency. The article presents one of the possible models of practical application of interactive bibliotherapy in the Gestalt practice which is based on the triple dialogue (in interaction with the therapist) and written reflection of brief fictional texts. The model is based on the grounds of aligning the paradigms of Gestalt therapy and bibliotherapy. Cases of 60 clients who were being applied bibliotherapy throughout the 7 years of operation of one practice were explored with the emphasis on the qualitative aspect. The results of the research proved the appropriateness of bibliotherapy as a secondary means to be applied in Gestalt therapy. It has been established that, under the appropriate field conditions, the properly selected fictional text as the mediator through the dialogue-based reflection with the therapist may help the client to perceive his/her unsatisfied needs and to alter in the desired direction within a shorter timeframe, i.e., it enables personality transformation. In such cases, works of fiction serve the function of the stimulants of the authentic intrapersonal communication (i.e., one’s inner experiences and their inner reflection) and the amplifying or reinforcing function of the stimulants of interpersonal communication. This corroborates the data of neurological research indicating that fiction intensively stimulates and even (trans)forms the intellectual and emotional self- and world perception of a reading individual. The presented model of the application of bibliotherapy may be beneficial not only for the practitioners of Gestalt, but also for librarians, social workers and education specialists as well as the practitioners of therapies of other types, while especially considering the lack of systematic descriptions of the application of bibliotherapy as an additional and enhancing means, which has been highlighted in the relevant literature.Holistiniu požiūriu į žmogų pagrįstos humanistinės geštalto terapijos, taikomos ir socialiniame darbe, švietime bei kt., teorija yra laikoma vienu iš sąveikos biblioterapijos pagrindų. Tačiau, kaip rodo geštalto specialistų profesinis diskursas ir biblioterapijos taikymo geštalto terapijoje tyrimų stoka, biblioterapija kol kas mažai išnaudojama geštalto praktikoje. Ir apskritai, nors tarpdalykinė biblioterapijos sritis tikrai gausiai tyrinėjama, vis dėlto raginama dalytis trūkstamais taikomojo pobūdžio modeliais, nusakančiais, kaip biblioterapiją sistemiškai įtraukti į įvairias konsultacines praktikas siekiant sustiprinti jų poveikį. Straipsnyje pristatomas vienas iš galimų sąveikos biblioterapijos taikymo geštalto praktikoje modelių, paremtas triguba dialogine – per sąveiką su terapeutu – ir rašytine trumpų grožinių tekstų refleksija. Modelis parengtas pagrindus geštalto terapijos bei biblioterapijos paradigmų suderinamumą ir kokybiniu aspektu išnagrinėjus šešiasdešimt darbo su klientais, kuriems per septynerius vienos praktikos metus geštalto sesijose buvo taikyta biblioterapija, atvejų. Šių tyrimų rezultatai patvirtino biblioterapijos kaip papildomos priemonės taikymo geštalto terapijoje tinkamumą. Nustatyta, kad susidarius atitinkamoms lauko sąlygoms tinkamai parinktas grožinis tekstas – kaip mediatorius – per dialoginę jo refleksiją su terapeutu padeda klientui greičiau įsisąmoninti nepatenkintus poreikius ir keistis norima linkme, t. y. įgalina asmenybės transformaciją. Grožiniai kūriniai tokiais atvejais atlieka autentiškos intraasmeninės – vidinių išgyvenimų bei jų apmąstymų – ir ją pastiprinančios tarpasmeninės komunikacijos stimuliatorių funkciją. Tai sutampa su neurologinių tyrimų duomenimis, rodančiais, kad grožinė literatūra stipriai stimuliuoja ir netgi (trans)formuoja skaitančiojo intelektinį bei emocinį savęs ir pasaulio patyrimą. Pateiktas biblioterapijos taikymo modelis gali būti naudingas ne tik praktikuojantiesiems geštalto terapiją, bet ir bibliotekininkams, socialiniams bei švietimo srities darbuotojams, taip pat ir kitų krypčių terapijų atstovams, ypač atsižvelgiant į literatūroje minimą sistemiškų biblioterapijos kaip papildomos priemonės, stiprinančios terapijos poveikį, taikymo aprašų stygių

Pokyčiai, kalba ir mokykla

Dabartinė s lietuvių kalbos tekstyno pagrindu parengto Dažninio lietuvių kalbos žodyno (DZ) duomenimis, pokytis yra gana dažnas žodis. Kad būtų aiškiau, galima jį palyginti su tokio paties dažnumo žodžiais modernus, universalus, pažinimas. Kiek rečiau, bet tikrai ne retai, vartojamas daiktavardžio pokytis sinonimas permaina - jis dažniu prilygsta žodžiui pedagogas. Na o žodžių vartojimo dažnis siejasi su jais įvardijamų reiškinių svarba kalbinei bendruomenei. Pavyzdžiui, kalba ir mokykla yra dar dažnesni žodžiai nei minėtieji. Dabartinio laikotarpio kalbos pokyčiai, arba permainos, dalies visuomenės vertinami kaip neigiamas, netgi pavojingas reiškinys. Tokio požiūrio natūralumą galima būtų iliustruoti ilgą civilizacijos istoriją menančių kinų prakeiksmu „Kad tau tektų gyventi permainų laikotarpiu". Bet esama ir kitokio požiūrio į kalbos kismą: „Kalbos pokyčiai neišvengiami - jie visada vyko, vyksta ir vyks kartu su gyvenimo pokyčiais, pats gyvenimas labai suintensyvėjo, ir tai natūraliai atsispindi ir mūsų kalboje" (Ramonienė, 2007), "pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais, taip pat ir XXI amžiuje, literatūrinė kalba ne skursta, o priešingai - darosi labiau niuansuota, subtilesnė" (Jonušys, 2009). Šio straipsnio tikslas - iš įvairių perspektyvų apžvelgti skirtingai vertinamus kalbos pokyčius, pasvarstyti jų santykį su mokykla

TV and radio presenters on the nonstandard language use in the media

The article presents data from the study Baltic sociolinguistics (BALSOC): language awareness and orientation in Lithuania and Latvia which was carried out to investigate views of TV and radio journalists on public language use and language policy, including self-assessment of linguistic competence and, more specifically, the impact of the field and addressees on the way the journalists speak. The analysis of the data shows that the majority of typical TV and radio journalists deliberately and owing to various reasons violate the norms of standard language and switch to the nonstandard language use. This practice is related to the fact that the use of nonstandard but stylistically expressive elements allows the speakers to expand their repertoire of lexical expression. Hence, violating the norm has become a way of enriching one's speech. The whole process can be seen as an intellectual and challenging interplay between the journalist, or show presenter, and the addressee rather than a simple transfer of the private register to a public context; it helps to create a more expressive background of the current media, contributes to an informal atmosphere of certain shows, reveals the participants' characters and is a time-saving strategy. The choice of nonstandard forms of expression is usually governed by the type of show and its addressees as well as by the professional maturity of the journalists: presenters of shows for the younger audiences resort to informal register more often than hosts of analytical programs targeted at more mature viewers

Neologisms integration into the text

This article analyses one of the newest aspects of use of Lithuanian vocabulary: the integration of neologisms into written Lithuanian texts. “Neologisms” will be taken to mean: any new words that were still not mentioned in Lithuanian dictionaries published before 1990 (the start of Lithuania’s period of regained independence). Surveys of usage show that there are certain ‘unwritten rules’ in existence for the integration of neologisms into texts. Two basic ways of incorporating lexemes with no tradition of use in the language can be noted: distinguishing the neologism graphically (inverted commas or italics) and/or by linking it to some sort of (meta)linguistic annotation. Which method is to be used and in what situations depends on the nature of the text and the type of neologism. Distinguishing the neologism graphically can be done to warn the reader that this is a special element of the text: a new word, the meaning of which may not be known by the reader. The possibility should not be discounted of distinguishing the neologism graphically to enhance its stylistic effect. Inverted commas or italics may also be used as a cover, to warn that the use of this word may be outside the norms of the official language. It is often hard to detect which of these motives for using graphical distinction of the neologism is foremost. Annotations are often required when it is desired to help the reader decode the text by offering an explanation of the meaning of the unfamiliar neologism, particularly if it is a loanword. Less often, newly minted words are explained; these are normally neologisms that have been introduced to replace loanwords. The explanatory note often encompasses use of the corresponding loanword. Annotations may also be used for stylistic effect, particularly when the neologisms are of a stylistic nature

Naujieji skoliniai ir jų atitikmenys

The article analyses reasons for the appearance of new borrowings in the Lithuanian language, reviews standardisation, describes the mechanism of substituting new borrowings with Lithuanian equivalents, and thoroughly analyses the competition of lexical variants and factors that determine the ones selected for use. Turning points in the development of society are marked with a stream of new words. Borrowings constitute a significant proportion of new words in the second period of Lithuania’s independence. The present borrowing process is usually related to the growing influence of English which has now become the lingua franca. 500-year traditions of purification of the lexicon have tried to limit the spread of borrowings in Lithuanian and some other European languages. Some borrowings are substituted with Lithuanian equivalents. Equivalents for new borrowings are traditionally looked for in the lexical fund of Lithuanian or new words are coined: new borrowings may be substituted with usual Lithuanian words with a (slightly) modified meaning, with composite names made of such words, and newly created words, e.g., dribsniai, sausi pusryčiai, javainiai (miusliai). On average four equivalents are suggested for one borrowing. However, there are some that have ten or more Lithuanian alternatives. The selection of lexical variants is determined by a range of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors: out of numerous new coinages only the ones that are socially purposeful and functional come into use

Public discourse as addressing the addressee: towards the informal style of speaking

The article analyses currently popular trends in making public space more private, namely speech simplifications and the domination of the informal style of speaking. The address tu - singular of you - is becoming more and more popular; it has been mentioned as one of the manifestations of informal public discourse. Lithuanian public discourse used to be linked with the formal plural form of addressing the individual addressee, i. e. respected plural pronoun jūs (you), or name and surname, naming a position or social standing, using ponas or gerbiamasis (Mister) with the surname or position, thus allowing the addressor and addressee who normally do not know each other to keep the distance, as well as rendering a respectful formal relationship. Informal means of expression - singular forms of addressing the addressee and using their name only - are penetrating into a public discourse and could be currently regarded as a new phenomenon

Meta-linguistic units as the primary tool for integrating new unassimilated loanwords and their equivalents into a text

Based on the Electronic Database of New Loanwords and Their Equivalents representing written and electronic usage in 2014-2015 (containing 1581 head-loanwords, 663 their different Lithuanian equivalents, and 4735 illustrative examples), this article focuses on meta-linguistic units (MUs) that help the addressee to decode a text, as one of the ways of integrating new unassimilated loanwords and their Lithuanian equivalents into a text. As a result of a comparative analysis, the article also presents another related way of integrating new lexemes into a text, i. e. distinguishing graphics such as inverted commas and italics, and discusses relevance of and interaction between these tools. A quantitative study has confirmed the insights from previous qualitative studies of a narrower empirical context and volumes about the relevance of MUs with meta-linguistic comments that help the addressee to decode a text as an explicit way of introducing new unassimilated loanwords and their equivalents into a text. The study has detected MUs in nearly a half (43 per cent) of the illustrative examples (2035) of the usage of new lexemes collected in the above-mentioned database. A qualitative analysis has revealed an unquestionable relation between MUs and the degree of assimilation of a new loanword or its equivalent(s): metalinguistic comments usually follow loanwords or their Lithuanian equivalents that are most likely unfamiliar to the addressee or, in other words, new or very rarely used. [...