Influenza antiviral drugs: present and future

Η γρίπη προκαλεί ετήσιες επιδημίες και πανδημίες με αυξημένη νοσηρότητα και θνησιμότητα. Αντιικοί παράγοντες με διαφορετική χημική σύσταση και θεραπευτική προσέγγιση μειώνουν τη διάρκεια των συμπτωμάτων, τις επιπλοκές και το θάνατο. Η ανάδυση ιών με ανθεκτικότητα στις αδαμαντάνες και στους αναστολείς της νευραμινιδάσης οδηγεί σε ανάγκη για ανακάλυψη νέων αντιικών φαρμάκων.Influenza causes annual epidemics and pandemics with increased morbidity and mortality. Antiviral agents with different chemical structure and mode of administration reduce the duration of symptoms, the risk of complications and death. The emergence of viruses with resistance against adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors drives research on additional influenza antivirals

The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Greece

Tuberculosis is the infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species that usually affects the lungs but can also occur as extrapulmonary or disseminated disease. According to the recently published report by the ECDC and WHO, the case notification rate in Greece was 6.0 cases per 100.000 population in 2008, while underreporting is an important problem for TB control

Knowledge of medical students about Hepatitis B

The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge level of graduate medical students about Hepatitis B. The material of this study was 109 questionnaires, answered by an equal number of students. According to the results, the knowledge of graduate medical students on Hepatitis B was in quite satisfactory level concerning most of the topics

Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: common use objects and their bacterial burden

The aim of this study was to determine the microbial burden on common use objects in the Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The research took place in the seven departments of the central building of the Medical School, from January to February 2010. Fifty samples (29 doorknobs, 21 faucet handles) were collected from various places of the departments using swabs moistened by nutrient broth. The samples were inoculated into nutrient broth, MacConkey agar and blood agar. Isolates were identified and typed by conventional procedures.From the samples collected, 1-5 types of bacteria were isolated per object, presenting a growth scale from negligible to high. The most common isolate was coagulase negative Staphylococcus (27), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17), Bacillus spp (16), Enterobacteriaceae (10), Diphtheroid spp (8), Pseudomonas spp (2) and the least occurring microorganism was β-haemolytic Streptococcus (1). The members of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated were: Escherichia spp (5), Enterobacter spp (3), Pantoea spp (1) and Klebsiella spp (1).In conclusion, doorknobs and faucet handles in the Medical School bare a sufficient microbial population, which however mostly belong to the normal flora or to potential pathogens. The level of hygiene, at least regarding the cleaning of hands and objects of common use, appears satisfying

Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Chlamydophila pneumoniae) DNA in atherosclerotic plaques and its molecular analysis in northern Greece

Objectives: C. pneumoniae responsible for respiratory tract infections has also been assocciated with chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis.The aim of the present study is the detection of C. pneumoniae DNA in various atherosclerotic arteries by a sensitive and specific PCR. In order to investigate whether there is a relation between a specific type and atherosclerosis, genotyping was performed. Methods: The study group consisted of 122 atherosclerotic plaques from patients (mean age 68.4, range 50-89 years old, 95 males and 25 females) with severe atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae DNA was detected in atherosclerotic plaques by nested «Touchdown» PCR. A second PCR targeting the ygeD-urk intergenic region was performed and PCR products were sequenced.Results: 12.3% of the specimens were positive for C. pneumoniae. Detection rates in specimens of carotid, abdominal, and femoral arteries were 12%, 15.6%, and 10%, respectively. (p = NS). 14 strains were found to have 100% homology with J138, AR39 and TW-183, while one strain had a 23 bp invertible region and revealed 100% homology with the CWL029.Conclusion: Overall, 15/122 (12.3%) atherosclerotic specimens from patients were positive for C. pneumoniae. The strains detected belong to two different types designated as genotype I and II. Genotype I was the prevalent and only one strain had the reverse orientation of the 23bp region in northern Greece

Geographical and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 clades in the WHO European Region, January to June 2020

We show the distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic clades over time and between countries and outline potential genomic surveillance objectives. We applied three genomic nomenclature systems to all sequence data from the World Health Organization European Region available until 10 July 2020. We highlight the importance of real-time sequencing and data dissemination in a pandemic situation, compare the nomenclatures and lay a foundation for future European genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2

Cellular and Humoral Responses in Dialysis Patients after Vaccination with the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 Vaccines

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has raised considerable concern about the detrimental effects it can induce in public health, with the interest of the scientific community being focused on the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are amongst vulnerable populations for critical illness owing to the presence of other comorbidities, their defective immune system, and their inability of self-isolation. To date, vaccination constitutes the most promising method to manage viral dispersion. Therefore, it is particularly important to investigate the effectiveness of available vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in this risk group. Here, we summarize initial experience regarding the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in dialysis patients after completion of the recommended vaccination regimen, as well as after booster dose administration, with one of the two mRNA vaccines, namely, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. In conclusion, a significantly diminished and delayed immune pattern was observed in ESRD patients compared to healthy population, with a peak in antibody titers occurring 3–5 weeks after the second dose. A booster dose significantly augmented the immune response in dialysis patients with either mRNA-based vaccine. Variables adversely correlating with the weak immunogenicity observed in dialysis patients include immunosuppressive therapy, older age, comorbidities, longer time in hemodialysis treatment, and higher body mass index. On the contrary, previous COVID-19 infection and administration of the mRNA-1273 vaccine are deemed to induce a more favorable immune response. Further investigation is needed to thoroughly understand the efficacy of mRNA-based vaccines in hemodialysis patients and define predictive factors that can influence it