Metodologijos ir metodo samprata

This article starts from the interpretation of the conception of the methodology. Different authors methodology understand in different ways. Firstly, methodology is explained as a science of methods and the relationship between them. Secondly, methodology is understood as technique. Thirdly, methodology is a science of the activity organization. Fourthly, methodology is understood as a justification of scientific research, i.e. correctly formed topic, hypothesis, and so on. The second chapter analyses the scientific method. There is disclosed its concept, significance, features (such as objective, development, subjective, axiological, complexity), as well as its structure (characterized by the following elements: manner, instrument, operation, procedure, approach). Each of these concepts has a different meaning, so in order to understand what method means, it is necessary to understand the essence of these concepts. Approach of method depends on its object and the stage of the scientific research. Sometimes the concept of methodology is used as a technique or even as a method. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly define how these concepts should be used. The methodology is understood as the science which justifies the theory of methods and describes it. Technique is a procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task which helps to achieve the desired result in advance. Method is the manner to recognize and reconstruct the reality. Both the methodology and the technique consist of methods. The third chapter analyses the application of the method in jurisprudence discusses. The progress of jurisprudence was determined by application of dogmatic method (in the positivist concept of law), but today it is determined by dialectical materialistic (complex) method (in the non-positivist concept of law). Dogmatic method, basing only on formal logic, analyses the processes of cognitive at the level of the abstract thinking; the conclusions necessarily follow from the assumptions. However, the conformity of the assumptions and conclusions to the reality remains outside the object of logic. Dialectical materialist method is characterized by the formation of general principles which are the base for developing a new theory. In addition to this, this method uses formal logic. The absolutize of dogmatic method makes the law become the servant of policy and the dialectical materialist method offers policies to serve the law.Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamas metodologijos, metodikos ir metodo skirtumas. Pateikiama skirtingų autorių skirtingos metodologijos sampratos. Analizuojamas mokslinis metodas, atskleidžiama jo sąvoka, reikšmė, požymiai ir struktūra. Metodologija suprantama kaip mokslas, teoriškai pagrindžiantis ir aprašantis metodus. Metodika – visumos praktinio veikimo priemonių, padedančių pasiekti iš anksto norimą rezultatą, sutelkimas. Metodas – tikrovės pažinimo ir pertvarkymo būdas. Trumpai apibūdinama dviejų pagrindinių metodų, t. y. dogmatinio ir dialektinio materialistinio, lėmusių jurisprudencijos pažangą, sandara

Mechanisms of Oxidation Degradation of Cr12 Roller Steel during Thermal Fatigue Tests

Degradation by the penetration of oxidation into the Cr12 roller steel is evaluated during thermal fatigue tests in the laboratory in the temperature range of 500–700 °C. A qualitative assessment is carried out with regard to the thermal load, the microstructure and the test temperature. The results show that the specific properties of the microstructure with respect to thermal stress and temperature have a significant influence on the oxidation behavior as well as on the crack propagation mode and crack growth. The conditions that lead to an increase in the oxidation rate and thus to premature and sudden local chipping of the roll surface layer are analyzed and explained.</jats:p

T-stress solutions for through-wall circumferential cracks in straight pipes under bending

© 2017 The Authors. This paper reports the results of an extensive series of finite element calculations to provide normalised T-stress solutions for through-wall cracked pipes under bending for a range of crack sizes and pipe radius to wall thickness ratios. Comparisons with the limited solutions in the literature are used to give confidence in the numerical solutions obtained, which are shown to be sensitive to mesh refinement. The results are provided in a form that is suitable for use in practical constraint based defect assessment approaches.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council under grant reference EP/K007815/1

Application of failure assessment diagram methods to cracked straight pipes and elbows

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) grant EP/K007815/

Stability of retained austenite in martensitic high carbon steels:Part II: Mechanical stability

The mechanical stability of retained austenite is explored in martensitic bearing steels under cyclic compressive stresses up to ∼106 cycles at 3GPa, combining X-ray diffraction and repetitive push testing. Finite element analysis and hardness testing were adopted to interpret the stress distribution across the specimen, and the stress-strain response was revealed. Austenite decomposition was observed for all samples regardless of the difference in their chemical composition and volume percentage. The decomposition is partial and a significant amount of austenite could be retained even after ∼106 stress cycles. A scenario revealing different stages of retained austenite behaviour under compressive stresses has been established. It is observed that retained austenite first decomposes during the first tens of cycles and at 103 cycles, whilst it remains stable at cycles ranging 102–103 and after 104. More importantly, results show the potential TRIP effect of retained austenite decomposition on dynamic hardening of bearing steels

The features of leadership, stress coping strategies and achievement goal orientations among cadets and juniors football players

The problem of this scientific research: Usually in the literature sports leadership, stress coping strategies and objectives of the goal achievment orientations are investigated separately. So, there is always unanswered arises question: what are the differences of leadership, goal achievement orientations and stress coping strategies between cadets and junior football players in team, because there aren’t so many research about it. This question and the answers we are looking for creates background of our scientific researches. Hypotheses: Junior football players manifestation of leadership and achievement objectives will be stronger than thus of the cadets football players. Goal of the research: To reveal the features of leadership, stress coping strategies and achievement goal orientations among cadets and juniors football players. Tasks of the research: 1. To reveal leadership characteristics among cadets and junior football players. 2. To determinante and compare the achievement goal orientations among cadets and juniors football players. 3. To uncover features of stress coping strategies among cadets and juniors football players. Object of the research: The features of leadership, stress coping strategies and achievement goal orientations among cadets and juniors football players. Methods of the research: the survey methods: J. Lipman-Bluemen (1987) achieving styles questionnaire, S. Hobfoll et al. (1998) stress coping questionnaire, and P. Northouse (2012) leadership questionnaire. Conclusions: It was found that cadets football players characteristics were more common than the juniors football players. The juniors football players were characterized by diverting leadership, supporting leadership and participation leadership. For cadets and juniors football players are common different goal achievment styles. Cadets football players are searching for others help and juniors football players wants to help theirs team friends. It was valued that some stress coping strategies are more common for juniors football players and some for cadets. Decisive actions are more common for cadets and avoiding is much more common for the juniors football players

Possibilities for the Improvement of the Quality of Design Solutions in the Gravel Road Reconstruction Projects

This summary of the author’s PhD thesis supervised by Prof Dr Donatas Čygas and defended on 25 February 2010 at the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. The thesis is written in Lithuanian and is available from the author upon request. Chapter 1 gives analysis of Gravel Road Network and analysis of gravel roads Development in the Republic of Lithuania. Chapter 2 gives analysis of the road design standards of the Republic of Lithuania and foreign countries. Chapter 3 gives methodology of experimental investigations. Chapter 4 gives results of experimental investigations. Chapter 5 gives generalization of investigation results

Dynamic Fracture Criteria Evaluation of Bridge Structural Steel

J-integral is the main effective and commonly used tool for elastic-plastic cracked material resistance assessment. Considering ductile behavior of bridges steel integral approach is suitable for fracture toughness evaluation. The paper presents the method of dynamic fracture parameter J-integral evaluation in case of elastic-plastic deformation of bridge structural steel. This experimental technique is based on determination of impact fracture energies and displacements which correspond to these energies at the moment when loading rate reaches max and fracture loads. Theoretical solutions were confirmed by experimental data obtained from Three-Point Bend tests of rectangular cross section specimens with V form notch. Impact loading was generated by impact tester with drop weight. 5 series of specimens with different geometry were tested during experiment. The developed methodology enables to predict the impact fracture toughness of bridge structural elements