Realidades visibles, desde la narrativa de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia.

https://fotovozgrupo19.blogspot.com/El olvido en el ser humano, consecuencia importante pero obligante, de aquello o de muchos que cayeron, de muchos que no quieren volver a pensar, de muchos que no quieren y de muchos que perdieron el norte sobre su propio actuar y pensar, porque sus mentes están llenas de recuerdos, recuerdos que no pueden olvidar, pero que para muchos fueron olvidados. Sería interesante pensar en la posibilidad de permitirle al ser humano imaginar un mundo mejor, sería interesante permitirle al ser humano hacer el mundo mejor, pero sería aún mejor y más interesante, permitirle al ser humano, VIVIR en un mundo mejor; por qué, quienes somos nosotros para cambiar el mundo de los demás?; quienes somos nosotros para imaginar por los demás?; y quienes somos nosotros para pretender vivir por los demás?; en Colombia, el posconflicto es un esquema de momentos que solo el que lo vive sabe explicarlo, personas que han pasado por momentos traumáticos y que aunque reflexionen, aunque intenten y aunque se les permita, no los pueden cambiar, personas que revisan sus propias acciones frente al tema y sienten que han perdido gran parte de su vida, que incluso; han perdido la dignidad por sentirse obligados a cambiar sus pensamientos. Pensamientos buenos y puros, pensamientos que no le hacen daño al ser, pero que por sus momentos vividos, cambiaron para no sentirse relegados de la sociedad, para no sentirse vulnerables y débiles ante los “los fuertes”, fuertes que para ellos, tienen el poder, el poder de comprar, el poder de gobernar, el poder de cambiar sus emociones y que ponen en peligro su integridad física, moral, espiritual y mental, que tienen el poder de hacer cambiar sus reacciones; que antes eran buenas y que aunque no todos cambian, todos quisieran cambiar. En Colombia, el posconflicto, trae consigo el trabajo de muchos pero que pocos aplican, hay tanto por hacer y las condiciones pueden ayudar, pero la voluntad del ser humano que no se siente vulnerable, es reacia a los momentos de las víctimas, es reacia y escéptica a los buenos cambios, en sí; nada los toca, indirectamente somos actores implicados en el desarrollo emocional de nuestro país, de nuestra gente, sin embargo, no hacemos nada porque esto mejore, los momentos de paz van y vienen, son momentáneos y la luz al final toma otro rumbo, un rumbo de resignación, un rumbo de no aceptación, un rumbo de hallar un intento por sobrevivir, un rumbo de búsqueda de oportunidades que al final, no para todos es de éxito, para otros de violencia y para otros, de muerte; muerte porque no hubo otro camino, muerte porque se pretende llenar un vacío, muerte porque la adaptación a la sociedad no tuvo la sutileza de entendimiento, muerte porque el ser humano aprendió por los ejemplos, por los momentos. (Castaño & Castaño Ramirez, 2018)The forgetfulness in the human being, an important but binding consequence, of that or of many who fell, of many who do not want to think again, of many who do not want and of many who lost the north on their own actions and thinking, because their minds are full of memories, memories that cannot be forgotten, but for many were forgotten It would be interesting to think about the possibility of allowing the human being, imagine a better world, It would be interesting to allow the human being to make the world better, but it would be even better and more interesting, allow the human being, LIVE in a better world; because, who are we to change the world of others ?; Who are we to imagine for others ?; and who are we to pretend to live for others ?; in Colombia, the post-conflict is a scheme of moments that only those who live it, He knows how to explain it, people who have gone through traumatic moments and that although they reflect, even if they try and even if they are allowed, they can not change them, people who review their own actions on the subject and feel that they have lost much of their lives, that even; they have lost their dignity because they feel obliged to change their thoughts, thoughts good and pure, thoughts that do not hurt the being, but that for their lived moments, they changed to not feel relegated from society, to not feel vulnerable and weak before the "strong", strong for them, they have the power, the power to buy, the power to govern, the power to change their emotions and that endanger their physical, moral, spiritual and mental integrity, who have the power to change their reactions; that before they were good and that although not all change, all would like to change In Colombia, the post-conflict, brings with it the work of many but few apply, There is so much to do and conditions can help, but the will of the human being who does not feel vulnerable, is reluctant to the moments of the victims, is reluctant and skeptical of the good changes, per se; nothing touches them, indirectly we are actors involved in the emotional development of our country, of our people, however, we do nothing because this improves, the moments of peace come and go, they are momentary and the light at the end takes another course, a course of resignation, a course of non-acceptance, a course to find an attempt to survive, a course of search of opportunities that in the end, not for all is of success, for others of violence and for others, of death; death because there was no other way, death because it is intended to fill a void, death because adaptation to society did not have the subtlety of understanding, death because the human being learned by the examples, for the moment

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization Promotes Quercetin Degradation and Butyrate Production by Eubacterium ramulus

Consumption of flavonoids has been associated with protection against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Most dietary flavonoids are subjected to bacterial transformations in the gut where they are converted into biologically active metabolites that are more bioavailable and have distinct effects relative to the parent compounds. While some of the pathways involved in the breakdown of flavonoids are emerging, little it is known about the impact of carbon source availability and community dynamics on flavonoid metabolism. This is relevant in the gut where there is a fierce competition for nutrients. In this study, we show that metabolism of one of the most commonly consumed flavonoids, quercetin, by the gut-associated bacterium Eubacterium ramulus is dependent on interspecies cross-feeding interactions when starch is the only energy source available. E. ramulus can degrade quercetin in the presence of glucose but is unable to use starch for growth or quercetin degradation. However, the starch-metabolizing bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which does not metabolize quercetin, stimulates degradation of quercetin and butyrate production by E. ramulus via cross-feeding of glucose and maltose molecules released from starch. These results suggest that dietary substrates and interactions between species modulate the degradation of flavonoids and production of butyrate, thus shaping their bioavailability and bioactivity, and likely impacting their health-promoting effects in humans

Gut-derived Flavonifractor species variants are differentially enriched during in vitro incubation with quercetin.

Flavonoids are a common component of the human diet with widely reported health-promoting properties. The gut microbiota transforms these compounds affecting the overall metabolic outcome of flavonoid consumption. Flavonoid-degrading bacteria are often studied in pure and mixed cultures but the multiple interactions between quercetin-degraders and the rest of the community have been overlooked. In this study, a comparative metataxonomic analysis of fecal communities supplemented with the flavonoid quercetin led us to identify a potential competitive exclusion interaction between two sequence variants related to the flavonoid-degrading species, Flavonifractor plautii, that belong to the same genus but different species. During incubation of fecal slurries with quercetin, the relative abundance of these two variants was inversely correlated; one variant, ASV_65f4, increased in relative abundance in half of the libraries and the other variant, ASV_a45d, in the other half. This pattern was also observed with 6 additional fecal samples that were transplanted into germ-free mice fed two different diets. Mouse's diet did not change the pattern of dominance of either variant, and initial relative abundances did not predict which one ended up dominating. Potential distinct metabolic capabilities of these two Flavonifractor-related species were evidenced, as only one variant, ASV_65f4, became consistently enriched in complex communities supplemented with acetate but without quercetin. Genomic comparison analysis of the close relatives of each variant revealed that ASV_65f4 may be an efficient utilizer of ethanolamine which is formed from the phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine that is abundant in the gut and feces. Other discordant features between ASV_65f4- and ASV_a45d-related groups may be the presence of flagellar and galactose-utilization genes, respectively. Overall, we showed that the Flavonifractor genus harbors variants that present a pattern of negative co-occurrence and that may have different metabolic and morphological traits, whether these differences affect the dynamic of quercetin degradation warrants further investigation

New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Characterization of the genetic landscape of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias (ADD) provides a unique opportunity for a better understanding of the associated pathophysiological processes. We performed a two-stage genome-wide association study totaling 111,326 clinically diagnosed/‘proxy’ AD cases and 677,663 controls. We found 75 risk loci, of which 42 were new at the time of analysis. Pathway enrichment analyses confirmed the involvement of amyloid/tau pathways and highlighted microglia implication. Gene prioritization in the new loci identified 31 genes that were suggestive of new genetically associated processes, including the tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway through the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. We also built a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future AD/dementia or progression from mild cognitive impairment to AD/dementia. The improvement in prediction led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in AD risk from the lowest to the highest decile, in addition to effects of age and the APOE ε4 allele