Holocelulases produzidas por Aspergillus oryzae : purificação, caracterização e degradação de biomassa lignocelulósica

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Molecular, 2013.Piolho de algodão sujo, piolho de algodão limpo e pó de filtro são resíduos da indústria têxtil e representam fontes de matérias-primas renováveis com elevados percentuais de holocelulose. A degradação destes resíduos requer a atividade de holocelulases produzidas por Aspergillus oryzae, reconhecido pelos elevados títulos de hemicelulases, especialmente xilanases, quando cultivado em biomassa lignocelulósica residual como fonte de carbono. Este trabalho objetivou utilizar os resíduos da indústria têxtil no cultivo submerso de A. oryzae e produção de holocelulases, além de purificar, caracterizar e submeter estas enzimas à hidrólise de substratos lignocelulósicos. A suplementação dos meios de cultivo com os resíduos pré-tratados, (NH4)2SO4 0,16%, e o estabelecimento do período de 6 dias de cultivo aumentaram a produção de xilanases por A. oryzae. Por consequência, uma xilanase (Xyl-O1) de 21,5 kDa foi purificada da fração ultrafiltrado do extrato bruto (EB) de A. oryzae e apresentou atividade catalítica máxima a 50°C e pH 6,0, termoestabilidade a 50°C por 6 h quando em presença de L-cisteína 20 mmol.L-1, especificidade em hidrolisar ligações glicosídicas β(1-4) internas de substratos solúveis, com eficiência máxima de 33% para hidrólise de xilana de bétula e liberação de xilobiose como produto predominante. A partir da fração concentrado do EB de A. oryzae, outras isoenzimas com atividade de xilanase foram purificadas e identificadas como Xyl-O2 (21,5 kDa) e Xyl-O3/Xyl-O4 (35,3 e 33,1 kDa, respectivamente). Em adição, uma endoglicanase (Cel-O1) foi parcialmente purificada e apresentou massa molecular entre 40 e 45 kDa. A caracterização da amostra contendo as isoenzimas Xyl-O3/Xyl-O4 revelou maior atividade catalítica a 60°C e no intervalo de pH 5,0 a 7,0 quando diluídas em tampão tris-HCl. A amostra ainda permaneceu 100% termoestável a 40°C por 24 h. As holocelulases produzidas por A. oryzae apresentaram maior atividade de hidrólise sobre o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar explodido a vapor, com 0,398 mg.mL-1 de açúcar redutor (AR) liberado. As amostras enzimáticas de ultrafiltrado do EB de A. oryzae e de Xyl- O1 purificada promoveram a hidrólise das polpas de celulose (PC), com 0,168 mg.mL-1 de AR liberado pela amostra Xyl-O1 purificada sobre a PC branca. A liberação de cromóforo a 237 nm e do produto xilobiose resultaram da atividade das amostras enzimáticas sobre as PC. A. oryzae cultivado em resíduos da indústria têxtil produziu elevados títulos de hemicelulases, principalmente xilanases. A caracterização enzimática destas isoenzimas, purificadas ou parcialmente purificadas, revelaram propriedades catalíticas que as tornam alvos potenciais de aplicação nas biorefinarias. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTDirty cotton, clean cotton and filter powder are textile residues and represent sources of renewable raw materials with high percentages of holocellulose. The degradation of these residues requires the holocellulase activities produced by Aspergillus oryzae recognized by high titers of hemicellulases, xylanases especially when grown on lignocellulosic biomass waste as a carbon source. This study aimed to use the textile industry residue in submerged cultivation of A. oryzae and production of holocelulases. In addition, purify and characterize these enzymes undergo hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Supplementation of culture medium with the pretreated residues, 0.16% (NH4)2SO4 and setting the period of 6 days cultivation increased the production of xylanases by A. oryzae. Consequently, a xylanase (Xyl-O1) of 21.5 kDa was purified from ultrafiltrate fraction of A. oryzae crude extract (CE) and showed maximal catalytic activity at 50°C and pH 6.0. It was thermostable at 50°C for 6 h in the presence of 20 mmol.L-1 L-cysteine. Xyl-O1 showed specificity in hydrolyze the internal glycosidic bonds β(1-4) in soluble substrates, with maximum efficiency of 33% for the hydrolysis of birchwood xylan and release of xylobiose as the predominant product. From the concentrated fraction of A. oryzae CE, other isoenzymes with xylanase activity were purified and identified as Xyl-O2 (21.5 kDa) and Xyl-O3/Xyl-O4 (35.3 and 33.1 kDa respectively). In addition, an endoglucanase (Cel-O1) was partially purified and presented molecular weight between 40 and 45 kDa. The characterization of the sample containing Xyl- O3/Xyl-O4 isoenzymes showed a higher catalytic activity at 60°C and in the pH range from 5.0 to 7.0 when diluted in Tris-HCl buffer. The sample still remained 100% thermostable at 40°C for 24 h. The holocellulases produced by A. oryzae showed greater activity on the hydrolysis of steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse, with 0.398 mg.mL-1 of reducing sugar (RA) released. Enzymatic samples of ultrafiltrate from A. oryzae CE and purified Xyl-O1 promoted hydrolysis of paper pulps (PP), with 0.168 mg.mL-1 of RA released by purified Xyl-O1 on white PP. The release of chromophore at 237 nm and xylobiose product resulted from the enzymatic activity of the samples on the PP. A. oryzae grown in the textile industry waste produced high titers of hemicellulases, mainly xylanases. The enzymatic characterization of these enzymes purified or partially purified revealed catalytic properties which make them potential targets for application of the biorefineries

An Acidic Thermostable Recombinant Aspergillus nidulans Endoglucanase Is Active towards Distinct Agriculture Residues

Aspergillus nidulans is poorly exploited as a source of enzymes for lignocellulosic residues degradation for biotechnological purposes. This work describes the A. nidulans Endoglucanase A heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris, the purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Active recombinant endoglucanase A (rEG A) was efficiently secreted as a 35 kDa protein which was purified through a two-step chromatography procedure. The highest enzyme activity was detected at 50 ∘ C/pH 4. rEG A retained 100% of activity when incubated at 45 and 55 ∘ C for 72 h. Purified rEG A kinetic parameters towards CMC were determined as = 27.5 ± 4.33 mg/mL, max = 1.185 ± 0.11 mmol/min, and 55.8 IU (international units)/mg specific activity. Recombinant P. pastoris supernatant presented hydrolytic activity towards lignocellulosic residues such as banana stalk, sugarcane bagasse, soybean residues, and corn straw. These data indicate that rEG A is suitable for plant biomass conversion into products of commercial importance, such as second-generation fuel ethanol

Use of Residual Biomass from the Textile Industry as Carbon Source for Production of a Low-Molecular-Weight Xylanase from Aspergillus oryzae

Pretreated dirty cotton residue (PDCR) from the textile industry was used as an alternative carbon source for the submerged cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae and the production of xylanases. The filtered culture supernatant was fractionated by ultrafiltration followed by three chromatographic steps, which resulted in the isolation of a homogeneous low-molecular-weight xylanase (Xyl-O1) with a mass of 21.5 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) co-polymerized with 0.1% oat spelt xylan. Enzyme catalysis was the most efficient at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The Km values (mg·mL−1) for the soluble fraction of oat spelt and birchwood xylans were 10.05 and 3.34, respectively. Xyl-O1 was more stable in the presence of 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), l-cysteine or β-mercaptoethanol, which increased the rate of catalysis by 40%, 14%, 40% or 37%, respectively. The enzyme stability was improved at pH 7.0 in the presence of 20 mM l-cysteine, with the retention of nearly 100% of the activity after 6 h at 50 °C. Xyl-O1 catalyzed the cleavage of internal β-1,4 linkages of the soluble substrates containing d-xylose residues, with a maximum efficiency of 33% for the hydrolysis of birchwood xylan after 12 h of incubation. Identification of the hydrolysis products by high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) indicated the predominance of the hydrolysis products X2-X6 during the first 12 h of incubation and the accumulation of higher xylooligomers after the elution of the last xylooligomer standard, xylohexaose