A high voltage power supply for the AE-C and D low energy electron experiment

A description is given of the electrical and mechanical design and operation of high voltage power supplies for space flight use. The supply was used to generate the spiraltron high voltage for low energy electron experiment on AE-C and D. Two versions of the supply were designed and built; one design is referred to as the low power version (AE-C) and the other as the high power version (AE-D). Performance is discussed under all operating conditions

A power conditioning system for radioisotope thermoelectric generator energy sources

The use of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) as the primary source of energy in unmanned spacecraft is discussed. RTG output control, power conditioning system requirements, the electrical design, and circuit performance are also discussed

LDEF atomic oxygen fluence update

The definition of LDEF atomic oxygen exposure involves theoretical prediction of fluxes, modeling of shielding and scattering effects, and comparison of predicted with observed atomic oxygen effects on LDEF experiments. Work is proceeding as follows: atomic oxygen fluxes and fluences have been recalculated using a more detailed orbit prediction program; a micro-environments program is being developed to account for the effects of experiment geometry on atomic oxygen flux; and chemical and physical measurements are being made on copper grounding straps to verify correspondence between predicted exposures and observed surface property variations. These three areas of work are reported briefly

LDEF microenvironments, observed and predicted

A computer model for prediction of atomic oxygen exposure of spacecraft in low earth orbit, referred to as the primary atomic oxygen model, was originally described at the First Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Post-Retrieval Symposium. The primary atomic oxygen model accounts for variations in orbit parameters, the condition of the atmosphere, and for the orientation of exposed surfaces relative to the direction of spacecraft motion. The use of the primary atomic oxygen model to define average atomic oxygen exposure conditions for a spacecraft is discussed and a second microenvironments computer model is described that accounts for shadowing and scattering of atomic oxygen by complex surface protrusions and indentations. Comparisons of observed and predicted erosion of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) thermal control blankets using the models are presented. Experimental and theoretical results are in excellent agreement. Work is in progress to expand modeling capability to include ultraviolet radiation exposure and to obtain more detailed information on reflecting and scattering characteristics of material surfaces

Stratospheric constituent measurements using UV solar occultation technique

The photochemistry of the stratospheric ozone layer was studied as the result of predictions that trace amounts of pollutants can significantly affect the layer. One of the key species in the determination of the effects of these pollutants is the OH radical. A balloon flight was made to determine whether data on atmospheric OH could be obtained from lower resolution solar spectra obtained from high altitude during sunset

Seventeenth century and eighteenth century bases for the exercise of protective jurisdiction in the marginal sea area

The continuing Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference, which met at Caracas, Venezuela, during the summer of 1974, has focused the attention of the community of nations on sovereign rights over coastal seas in international law# Littoral nations have become concerned with their potential right to exercise exclusive jurisdiction for various purposes as far seaward from their coastline as 200 miles# Such a broad expanse of high seas as this 200 mile belt has traditionally been subject to the lawful exercise of high seas freedoms, especially navigation and fishing by all nations* It is the limiting of present high seas freedoms within the proposed 200 mile belt which has caused a problem for the United States# As a matter of municipal law, the right to exercise jurisdiction and retrieve resources within the seas adjacent to the coastline of the United States Is allocated between the several states and the federal government.The federal government and the states have been disputing the property rights and jurisdictional rights over the coastal sea since at least 1947 when the United States Supreme Court handed down its decision in United States v» California,*- That decision determined that rights of the federal government seaward of low-water mark were paramount to any rights of the states. Further, the justices stated that rights held over this area of coastal seas, or adjacent seas, were held by virtue of the ability of the federal government to exercise the rights of the nation in international law. Therefore the Court determined that the exercise of those rights over portions of the coastal seas mist as a matter of existing municipal law be an exclusive exercise of jurisdiction by the United States. This exercise of sovereign rights over the coastal sea was described as the product of an exercise of "external sovereignty" by the federal government.Because of the federal system of government in the United States the individual states were able to contest property rights and jurisdictional rights of the federal government seaward of low-water mark. Such contest did not challenge the California decision to the extent that coastal waters were described as held by the exercise of external sovereignty or sovereign authority of the nation. Rather the states attacked in a series of litigations which claimed that as a matter of "internal sovereignty", that is, the allocation of governmental rights between the states and the federal government, it was the states and not the federal government, which held the right to exercise jurisdiction and retrieve resources within the coastal seas, even though those seas were held by authority of the national exercise of sovereignty* The states were unsuccessful in achieving the objective of such litigation, but nonetheless in 1953 Congress enacted the Submerged Lands Act which essentially quitclaimed property rights in the coastal seas to the states within the area of the territorial sea* However, both the State of Florida and the State of Texas were able to establish historic rights over resources in the Gulf of Mexico out to nine nautical miles from the coastline of the United States and their grant extended to these historic areas as a matter of municipal law. Other states along the Gulf of Mexico were unsuccessful in attempting to establish similar historic rights.Control over resources out to nine nautical miles from the coastline gave the State of Florida and the State of Texas a valuable property right over oil deposits out to nine nautical miles from shore, and eventually the grant came to include a Jurisdictional right to control valuable offshore fisheries, especially shrimp through the exclusive right to exploit resources beyond the boundary of the territorial sea out to nine nautical miles from the coastline* Prompted by the success of the State of Florida and the State of Texas, as well as by the discovery of oil deposits in the continental shelf under the Atlantic Ocean and a desire to manage valuable offshore fisheries, now over-fished, the states of the Atlantic seaboard in 1969 entered into litigation with the United StatesThat litigation was primarily an attempt by most of the original states, former British colonies, to establish that they held exclusive property rights and jurisdictional rights over their coastal seas since colonial times. The establishment of those alleged historic rights encompassed arguments that English law and international law of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries recognized such exclsuive rights over coastal sea resources as inherent in the sovereign status of a nation in the community of nations. When these rights were argued for in the seas adjacent to the American colonies the position taken by the states was that colonial charters transferred the rights of exclusive exploitation of resources and jurisdiction over the coastal seas to the colonies, and that these rights remained with the states at the time of the revolution, 1776, and were not granted to the federal government in the 1789 Constitution,It is the purpose of this dissertation to analyse the historical evidence as to the seventeenth and eighteenth century rights of Great Britain over its adjacent seas. By examining international law of this two-century period not only will the rights which Great Britain could have claimed in the seas adjacent to the British Isles be identified, but also identified will be those rights which could have been exercised in the seas adjacent to the American colonies. Moreover, this dissertation will examine English law of the period to determine whether rights were claimed as a matter of municipal law in the seas adjacent to the British Isles as well as those adjacent to the American colonies. Then it must be resolved whether such rights were passed to the colonies through their charters or whether they were reserved in Great Britain and thus subsequently applied by the United States, not the individual states, after the War of the American Revolution, 1776-1783.Two analytical tools have been adopted in order to carry out this analysis and they are presented at this point in order to familiarize the reader. The first tool of analysis is the "possession standard". This standard is employed in order to determine the degree of control exercised in the area of the coastal seas by Great Britain and the American colonies so as to determine whether a claim of ownership or some lesser claim of a limited jurisdiction can be supported in fact and law. Hie second analytical tool is analysis according to the "protective jurisdiction test". This is a test which when applied to municipal law and international law of this period reveals whether there was an implicit intent to claim exclusive general jurisdiction or ownership over the coastal seas, or whether there was only a limited exercise of littoral national jurisdiction for the peace, order and safety of the nation.Employment of both these tools presents an analysis which will accurately identify the authority and rights of Great Britain over coastal seas during the seventeenth century and eighteenth century. With respect to the United States, and the problem of allocation of these rights under its municipal law and its application of such rights in international law, this analysis will determine whether the individual coastal states have historic rights to exclusive exploitation of property and resources in the adjacent sea as well as general jurisdiction over the seas adjacent to the coastline of the United States, If such historic rights do not exist the claims of the Atlantic seaboard states to the exclusive right to manage and extract resources of the continental shelf mast fail# Thus the rights of these states will not be able to conflict with the exercise of the foreign affairs power under the United States Constitution by the federal government now formulating policy for exploitation of the world's ocean resources to be presented at the continuing Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea

The Voting Behavior of Labor Union Members in the 2016 Presidential Election

The conventional wisdom surrounding the 2016 United States presidential election suggests that Donald Trump, the Republican candidate, received significant support from labor union members. This has drawn attention, as labor union members have long been considered a crucial Democratic voting bloc. Previous studies have shown that Democratic support from organized labor groups has been declining over time. The stereotypical labor union member has long been a white working class male with a high school level of education in a private sector union, and recent work has primarily focused solely on these individuals. However, those traditional labor union members have been found to make up a declining share of labor union members. Therefore, there is a considerable gap in the understanding of who labor union members in the United States are. This paper will consider the changing demographics of labor union members, and analyze ANES data to consider their behavior in the 2016 U.S. presidential election

Utilizing neural networks to proactively monitor energy usage in City of Rochester buildings

Energy usage within buildings in the United States is a very important topic because of the current price of natural gas, steam, and electricity and the ever-increasing depletion of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze building energy consumption. Currently, there are several methods used for analyzing a solitary building\u27s energy usage. One method involves the use of a neural network (NN) model. The current use of NN for building energy prediction typically requires the collection of hourly energy usage data from a single building using data loggers during several different seasons and occupancy levels in order to create a robust training data set for supervised training of the NN model. Well designed NN energy models are able to predict with a high degree of accuracy (+/- 5 to 10 percent on average), but the upfront data collection can prove to be quite time consuming. Therefore for groups of buildings on a campus or in a city, an alternative method for predicting energy consumption using NNs must be explored. Using readily available monthly energy and weather data from several buildings owned by the city of Rochester, New York, three methods involving NN models are created and validated to find the optimal NN configuration for predicting energy usage. The results of these trials have shown that it is feasible to utilize NNs trained only on readily available data as a warning system for buildings in need of a thorough check and possibly preventative maintenance. Based on the results of the validation trials, it was discovered that the predictive ability of the multiple building trials is poor due to the variability of the data. The usage of data from similar buildings and single buildings improved the predictive ability. The best prediction results occurred by using a single output network trained on data from a solitary building