NØDVENDIGHEDENS PÆDAGOGIK: Optimeringskrav møder det gode fællesskab i velfærdssamfundets skole

Ifølge flere diskursteoretiske skoleforskere har folkeskolen igennem en årrække gennemgået fundamentale ændringer i forhold til sit formål og menneskesyn. Politologen Ove Kaj Pedersen ser dette som relateret til Danmarks overgang fra velfærdsstat til konkurrencestat og beskriver, at skolens formål i dag er at ruste eleverne til at være „soldater“ i nationernes konkurrence. Denne artikel argumenterer for, at der ses et andet mere broget billede af ædringerne, hvis man dels ser påskoleinstitutionens formå i et støre perspektiv, dels ser næmere pålæeres formative arbejde i hverdagen og deres hådtering af optimeringskrav og de nye tiltag i praksis. Det etnografisk materiale fra fire skolers hverdag i perioden 2002-2012, viser ædringer, men såedes og sået stadigt fokus påskolens civilisering til „ocial“ adfæd og civiliserede fælesskaber og en tilpasning af de nye tiltag til skolens traditionelle vædier. Dette ses ogsåi selve udformningen af en ræke skolepolitikker og nye teknologier. I artiklen argumenteres der for, at dette er begrundet af en stadig dialektik mellem skolens institutionelle vilkå, sociale normer for adfæd og dominante idealer om det civiliserede samfund, der spejles ind i skolen pågrund af dens metonymiske relation til samfundet og mangeåige relation til velfædssamfundet. Denne dialektik har institutionaliseret, hvad der, jf. Pedersens begreb „øvendighedens politik“ kan kaldes en „øvendighedens pæagogik“. Denne pæagogik er med til at reproducere vædierne bag velfædsstaten, men betyder også at idealer om at væe „ocial“ og om trivsel i fælesskaber i dag blot er forstæket, kombineret med og legitimeret af de nye optimeringskrav. Søgeord: skoleinstitutionen, velfærdssamfund, konkurrencestat, civiliseringsprojekt, sociale kompetencer &nbsp

Den gode vilje og de vilde børn: Civiliseringens paradoks i den danske skole

Laura Gilliam: The Good Will and the Wild Children. The Paradox of Civilizing in the Danish School Based on fieldwork in three Danish schools, this article focuses on the school’s project of transforming children into civilized citizens and the consequences this have for teachers’ work with children, and for children’s practices, social categories and construction of identity. It is argued that the civilizing project directed towards the groups regarded as the uncivilized of society: children, lower social classes and ethnic minorities, often results in these groups’ identification with uncivilized behavior. This paradox of civilizing is seen in the three classes, where an extensive focus on learning to be “social” and on adjusting all non-social behavior, make the teachers mark quite a few children as socially problematic, just like making trouble and other rejections of “civilised behaviour” become a relevant factor for the children’s social relationships in school, for their understanding of their own and other social categories and a relevant tool for their agency in school and relation to society. Due to the paradox of civilizing and the institutional logics of school, the children who reject the civilized ideal like this and come to identify against society, are often the gendered and ethnic categories, which the school is most eager to integrate and civilize. Keywords: Civilizing, the Danish school, opposition, ethnic minorities, institutional logics, identity.

Ballade og muslimsk rettro som oppositionel kulturel form: Etniske minoritetsdrenges kulturkonstruktion i skolen

I den københavnsk skoleklasse 4a oplever såvel etniske minoritetsbørn og etnisk danske børn at udlændinge, indvandrere og tilmed muslimer er ballademagere, og at danskere opfører sig godt og er dygtige elever. Lærerne opfatter også de etniske minoritetsdrenge i klassen som ballademagere, der tilmed går alt for meget op i religion. Lærerne forklarer drengenes adfærd som forårsaget af et problematisk kulturmøde mellem drengenes familiers hjem og den danske skole. Artiklen her argumenterer i stedet for, at de etniske minoritetsdrenges ballade og religiøse rettro er kulturelle former, der langt hen af vejen er konstrueret igennem deres erfaringer i skolen og med den magtrelation de her indgår i. At være muslimsk indvandrerdreng er blevet en oppositionel identitet, der finder sit kulturelle indhold gennem oppositionen til den danske identitet

Development and Testing of a Decision Aid on Goals of Care for Advanced Dementia

Objectives—Decision aids are effective to improve decision-making, yet they are rarely tested in nursing homes (NHs). Study objectives were to 1) examine the feasibility of a Goals of Care (GOC) decision aid for surrogate decision-makers (SDMs) of persons with dementia; and 2) test its effect on quality of communication and decision-making. Design—Pre-post intervention to test a GOC decision aid intervention for SDMs for persons with dementia in NHs. Investigators collected data from reviews of resident health records and interviews with SDMs at baseline and 3-month follow up. Setting—Two NHs in North Carolina. Participants—18 residents who were over 65 years of age, had moderate to severe dementia on the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS=5,6,7), and an English-speaking surrogate decision-maker. Intervention—1) GOC Decision Aid video viewed by the SDM, and 2) a structured care plan meeting between the SDM and interdisciplinary NH team. Measurements—Surrogate knowledge, quality of communication with health care providers, surrogate-provider concordance on goals of care, and palliative care domains addressed in the care plan. Results—89% of the SDMs thought the decision aid was relevant to their needs. After viewing the video decision aid, SDMs increased the number of correct responses on knowledge-based questions (12.5 vs 14.2, P<.001). At 3 months they reported improved quality of communication scores (6.1 vs 6.8, P=.01) and improved concordance on primary goal of care with nursing home team (50% vs 8%, P=.003). The number of palliative care domains addressed in the care plan increased (1.8 vs 4.3, P<.001). Conclusion—The decision-support intervention piloted in this study was feasible and relevant for surrogate decision-makers of persons with advanced dementia in nursing homes, and it improved quality of communication between SDM and NH providers. A larger randomized clinical trial is underway to provide further evidence of the effects of this decision aid intervention

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Mitochondria abnormalities in skeletal muscle may contribute to frailty and sarcopenia, commonly present in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dysfunctional mitochondria are also a major source of oxidative stress and may contribute to cardiovascular disease in CKD We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial structure and function worsens with the severity of CKD Mitochondrial volume density, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, BNIP3, and PGC1α protein expression were evaluated in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from 27 subjects (17 controls and 10 with CKD stage 5 on hemodialysis). We also measured mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma isofurans, and plasma F2-isoprostanes in 208 subjects divided into three groups: non-CKD (eGFR&gt;60 mL/min), CKD stage 3-4 (eGFR 60-15 mL/min), and CKD stage 5 (on hemodialysis). Muscle biopsies from patients with CKD stage 5 revealed lower mitochondrial volume density, lower mtDNA copy number, and higher BNIP3 content than controls. mtDNA copy number in PBMCs was decreased with increasing severity of CKD: non-CKD (6.48, 95% CI 4.49-8.46), CKD stage 3-4 (3.30, 95% CI 0.85-5.75, P = 0.048 vs. non-CKD), and CKD stage 5 (1.93, 95% CI 0.27-3.59, P = 0.001 vs. non-CKD). Isofurans were higher in patients with CKD stage 5 (median 59.21 pg/mL, IQR 41.76-95.36) compared to patients with non-CKD (median 49.95 pg/mL, IQR 27.88-83.46, P = 0.001), whereas F2-isoprostanes did not differ among groups. Severity of CKD is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and markers of oxidative stress. Mitochondrial abnormalities, which are common in skeletal muscle from patients with CKD stage 5, may explain the muscle dysfunction associated with frailty and sarcopenia in CKD Further studies are required to evaluate mitochondrial function in vivo in patients with different CKD stages

Introduktion: Skolens børn og samfundets borgere

Intet resum

The teaching of Islam in Scandinavia

Introductio

Fidelity to a behavioral intervention to improve goals of care decisions for nursing home residents with advanced dementia

Ensuring fidelity to a behavioral intervention implemented in nursing homes requires awareness of the unique considerations of this setting for research. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the Goals of Care (GOC) cluster-randomized trial and the methods used to monitor and promote fidelity to a GOC decision aid intervention delivered in nursing homes

Oral Feeding Options for Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review

Most patients with dementia develop feeding problems, leading physicians and families to consider tube feeding or oral feeding options. Tube feeding offers limited benefit, but current decision-making includes limited information on other options

Interviewsamtale: Pædagogisk Antropologi: Det er alle de sammenhænge, hvor der er nogen, der vil noget med nogen

Interviewsamtale om Pædagogisk Antropolog