33 research outputs found

    Modélisation de la dispersion de polluants à l'échelle intra-urbaine, mise en place d'indicateurs morphologiques

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    16 pagesLes villes regroupent de plus en plus d'habitants produisant des flux de trafic intra - urbains sans cesse plus importants, flux qui risquent de nuire à la durabilité de ces villes. Afin d'estimer l'impact de la circulation automobile en matière de pollution de l'air, des modèles de simulation ont été construits. Ces modèles tridimensionnels (développés sous interface MISKAM) intègrent la morphologie urbaine en trois dimensions, les phénomènes complexes de climatologie, notamment de turbulence à travers les équations de la mécanique des fluides. Ces modèles nécessitent en entrée un grand nombre d'informations sur le bâti, la circulation automobile et sur la climatologie locale. Les sorties de modèles sont des concentrations moyennes horaires ou annuelles, obtenues en tout point de l'espace urbain, ce qui permet de souligner les zones d'actions prioritaires. L'hétérogénéité spatiale des concentrations de polluants est alors analysée à l'aide d'un outil mathématique qui est la dimension fractale, outil qui permet de comprendre comment la morphologie urbaine crée des différenciations notables aussi bien horizontalement que verticalement. Ainsi des recommandations d'aménagement peuvent être établies : diminuer le trafic sur une rue étroite (rue canyon) ou une rue large n'aura pas le même impact sur l'environnement. Les modèles construits sont alors utilisés comme de véritables outils d'aide à la décision

    Air Pollution and Urban Morphology: A Complex Relation or How to Optimize the Pedestrian Movement in Town

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    International audienceUrban air pollution is traditionally estimated by using techniques based on geostatistical methods, such as interpolation, applied to a set of data stemming from measures of stations of pollution. Now very often, these stations are in insufficient number or do not measure the same pollutants to allow mapping finely dispersion of air pollution through urban spaces. Numerous studies work then from land registries of broadcasts. Although interesting in a regional scale, these studies bring only not enough information in the understanding of the phenomena to a scale as fine as the intra-urban. So, it is necessary to resort to the fine three-dimensional modelling to dread this intra-urban scale and it is what we describe now

    Exposition à court terme à la pollution de l’air en ville : apports et limites des différents types de modèles d’estimation de la pollution

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    La pollution de l’air, qu’elle soit d’origine industrielle ou liée au trafic routier, a des effets reconnus sur la santé. De très nombreuses études, de par le monde, questionnent les relations pollution – santé (notamment en termes de mortalité évitable ou d’augmentation de risques respiratoires ou cardiovasculaires) que ce soit à l’échelle d’une agglomération ou d’un pays, mais peu d’entre-elles s’intéressent au processus de modélisation qui a permis de produire les données environnementales qui sont confrontées aux données médicales. Pourtant la pollution de l’air en ville ne peut se résumer à un polluant spécifique et présente une hétérogénéité spatiale (engendrée par la morphologie urbaine) qu’il est nécessaire de prendre en compte avant de pouvoir estimer un impact quantifiable sur la santé, particulièrement si l’on souhaite connaître l’exposition à court terme subie tout au long de son déplacement. Une réflexion sur la modélisation de la qualité de l’air, à échelle fine, est engagée ici. A partir de deux modèles eulériens (l’un dit « simple », l’autre dit « complexe »), nous questionnerons la faisabilité d’un modèle d’estimation en temps réel des concentrations de polluants et apporterons des éléments sur des itinéraires individuels d’exposition.Air pollution has many recognized effects on human health. Numerous studies worldwide investigate the relationship between pollution and health, but few are interested in the modeling process that has coupled environmental data with medical data.However, measuring air pollution in the city is complicated, because ​it cannot be reduced to a specific pollutant (rather is consists of a ​mix of many pollutants). In addition, it​ has a spatial heterogeneity which must be taken​ into account before estimating impact on health, especially if one wishes to measure the effects of short-term exposure.This article aims to offer a critique on the modeling process that links environment and health,​without denying the fact that air pollution has a negative impact on citizens’ health. First, we discuss how air pollution is​ modeled​. We explain why it is important to model pollutant concentrations in the air because of a ​lack of permanent stations making actual measurements​. Then the advantages and disadvantages of the different families of deterministic models (Gaussian, Lagrangian, and Eulerian) available to improve air quality monitoring in cities are discussed.​T​he uncertainties of those models are evaluated so as to choose the better model for understanding air pollution dispersion (immissions) in cities. Immissions are the share of pollution that must be connected with health data. This is the crux of the process because it is difficult to know the ambient air pollution levels in real time at any point in space. Gaussian models have simplified equations which mean that the concentrations are just a decreasing function of the distance (basic model). Lagrangian models are useful to follow a particle or group of particles but cannot be used if the number of components remains important (the cost of the model is proportional to the number of followed particles). Eulerian dispersion models can be used in complex urban morphology to estimate air pollutants concentrations in all places, even at a fine scale (some meters). This is the best approach to modeling based on the information of permanent stations and the computing time is independent of the number of particles followed. ​A​fter validating the choice of Eulerian models which are more efficient at fine scale (a street or a district), we compared the results of a simple model and a complex model (including ​wind direction and velocity) from a case study: the Bonaparte street in Paris. Advantages of each model for​ the purpose of health impact evaluation are identified and discussed.​ Second, the article proposes the concept of health routes in cities so as to reduce the exposition to air pollutants in the streets, in real time. Numerous studies have shown some links between air pollution and health impacts. However, it is necessary to deepen knowledge of the pollution and to better understand individual paths (routes, medical history, and differentiated daily exposure). Because we spend eighty percent of our time indoors,​t​he links between outdoor and indoor pollution must also ​be deepened.Uncertainties are present in all steps of the evaluation process (emissions, immissions, and individual exposure​). As such,​ we have to be prudent when estimating risk (quantitative measurements) between pollution and health

    Pollution de l’air en ville et impact sur la santé de populations vulnérables: Exposition, indicateur, perception, pollution, ville

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    International audienceLa pollution de l’air est au coeur de la problématique urbaine car la ville concentre la plus grande partie de la population et cette tendance va s’accroitre dans les années à venir (en 2014, 79.3% de la population française vit dans les villes). Cette note couple une approche épidémiologique et une approche plus qualitative (sociologique) proposant des méthodes d’appropriation des outils de mesures par le public permettant ainsi une prise de conscience de chacun dans la prise en main de l’amélioration de sa santé. En effet, l’article de Demoulin-Alexikova et al. questionne le rôle de la pollution de l’air et des particules fines (PM10), mais égale-ment de la fumée de cigarette, dans la survenue ou l’aggravation de la toux chez l’enfant, tout en s’intéressant aux facteurs de dépendance (âge et sexe). L’article de Radisic et Newbold, quant à lui, questionne l’appropriation d’un indice couplant qualité de l’air et santé par les populations dites à risque en interrogeant les services compétents de la sphère décisionnelle publique

    Pollution de l’air en ville et impact sur la santé de populations vulnérables: Exposition, indicateur, perception, pollution, ville

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    International audienceLa pollution de l’air est au coeur de la problématique urbaine car la ville concentre la plus grande partie de la population et cette tendance va s’accroitre dans les années à venir (en 2014, 79.3% de la population française vit dans les villes). Cette note couple une approche épidémiologique et une approche plus qualitative (sociologique) proposant des méthodes d’appropriation des outils de mesures par le public permettant ainsi une prise de conscience de chacun dans la prise en main de l’amélioration de sa santé. En effet, l’article de Demoulin-Alexikova et al. questionne le rôle de la pollution de l’air et des particules fines (PM10), mais égale-ment de la fumée de cigarette, dans la survenue ou l’aggravation de la toux chez l’enfant, tout en s’intéressant aux facteurs de dépendance (âge et sexe). L’article de Radisic et Newbold, quant à lui, questionne l’appropriation d’un indice couplant qualité de l’air et santé par les populations dites à risque en interrogeant les services compétents de la sphère décisionnelle publique

    Évaluation des impacts de trois polluants atmosphériques sur la survenue d’une exacerbation de BPCO à Nice

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    The environment-health issue is not new. Many authors (Beelen et al., 2014; DGS 2020; Zanobetti et al., 2008) have looked at the effect —in the long term— on the occurrence of pathologies. Very often, these studies work on a national geographical scale. We decided to look at the links between three atmospheric pollutants, namely nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter (PM10), on the occurrence of an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the city of Nice, over the period from January 2012 to December 2018, thus underlining an accentuation of the fragility of humans evolving in these territories. To do this, we relied on the one hand on PMSI data and on the other hand on data collected by the different air quality monitoring stations, from the AtmoSud air quality monitoring network. To study this statistical relationship and its consequences, we used a Poisson regression model based on a generalized linear model. This model was essentially fed by two indicators that we constructed. The regression model thus allows us to estimate the coefficient associated with our explanatory variable and to calculate a relative risk. Thus, we were able to show a significant link between two of our pollutants and our health event, namely the occurrence of a COPD exacerbation. From two databases, we built our statistical model to estimate a possible relationship between exposure to an air pollutant and a COPD exacerbation. The model chosen was a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) of the counting type (Poisson regression), taking into account overdispersion, i.e., when the variance of the observed data is greater than the mean of the variable.) Our unit of observation was the day. With this in mind, we constructed two indicators: - A health indicator: this is our variable to be explained. It corresponds to the number of daily admissions for a COPD exacerbation. The data for its construction were extracted from the PMSI files according to the main cause of hospitalization, recorded at hospital discharge. The model expresses the neperian logarithm of the expectation of our health indicator. - A pollution indicator: This is our explanatory variable. Initially, to model the population's exposure to ambient air pollution, our hypothesis was that the measurements recorded by AtmoSud are an unbiased estimate of the average of the individual values of the exposure of the individuals composing our study population. In practice, this assumption translates into the use of the arithmetic mean of the daily concentrations of the different pollutants recorded by the different measuring stations located in Nice (the daily values of a station being, themselves, the means of the 24 hourly measurements recorded by the station). This average constitutes the ambient exposure indicator which, each day, is attributed to the whole population. The indicator was constructed using data from daily measurements of pollutants from the various air quality monitoring stations in Nice. It is in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). In a second step, this indicator underwent a transformation (of the binary type) to test the possible links with values taken as threshold (the 50 percentiles, the 75 percentile and the EU limit value for the protection of human life). The indicator was then set to “1” if it is above the threshold values and “0” if it is not. Our pollution indicator was tested on a set of lags (from 0 to 5 days, called Lag0 to Lag5) to assess possible statistical relationships on the same and previous days.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, is often not well known to the public. However, it leads to numerous hospitalizations and deaths each year due to its exacerbation. The main risk factor for this disease is smoking (active or passive), but other factors also increase the risk of developing this disease, notably indoor and outdoor air pollution. Our study highlighted this disease and established a link with certain air pollutants (the three main ones in the city). We found that increased concentrations of nitrogen dioxide could increase the number of admissions for COPD exacerbation. This link was established with concentration values well below the values defined by the EU for health protection. This could raise the question of re-evaluating these values or creating regionalized reference values. According to our results, ozone seems to have a protective effect on COPD exacerbations in our region. However, we could not establish a significant link between COPD exacerbation and particulate matter (PM10), although PM10 concentrations in Nice exceeded the European guideline values most of the time

    Itinéraires des piétons et risque d’exposition a la pollution en zone urbaine : approche méthodologique

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    Le paradigme de complexité invite à repenser les interactions qui unissent les différentes facettes et les différents angles d’observation d’un même objet, on admet alors qu’aucune science ne dispose d’objets propres, chaque discipline donne un point de vue propre sur des objets que d’autres disciplines peuvent envisager (Charre, 2003). De plus, la complexité est invisible dans des disciplines qui fragmentent l’objet ou qui l’isolent. D’où la nécessité de relier. Car dès que vous avez un obje..
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