Use of Open Source in Integrated Modular Avionics for A380 Program

International audienceThis paper presents the use of the open source approach on the SNMP software project developed for theIntegrated Modular Avionics (IMA) for A380 Program.The SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is used to monitor the future A380 network calledAFDX. This software function is widely present in standard Ethernet network, and runs on operatingsystems like Windows or Unix.Open source of the SNMP function has been used as a basis for the development in order to reduce costsand to secure the development (in terms of delay and maturity).This paper presents the context of the project, then the experiment during the development of this projectby using an Open Source

Genomics of glycopeptidolipid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium abscessus and M. chelonae

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The outermost layer of the bacterial surface is of crucial importance because it is in constant interaction with the host. Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are major surface glycolipids present on various mycobacterial species. In the fast-grower model organism <it>Mycobacterium smegmatis</it>, GPL biosynthesis involves approximately 30 genes all mapping to a single region of 65 kb.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have recently sequenced the complete genomes of two fast-growers causing human infections, <it>Mycobacterium abscessus </it>(CIP 104536T) and <it>M. chelonae </it>(CIP 104535T). We show here that these two species contain genes corresponding to all those of the <it>M. smegmatis </it>"GPL locus", with extensive conservation of the predicted protein sequences consistent with the production of GPL molecules indistinguishable by biochemical analysis. However, the GPL locus appears to be split into several parts in <it>M. chelonae </it>and <it>M. abscessus</it>. One large cluster (19 genes) comprises all genes involved in the synthesis of the tripeptide-aminoalcohol moiety, the glycosylation of the lipopeptide and methylation/acetylation modifications. We provide evidence that a duplicated acetyltransferase (<it>atf1 </it>and <it>atf2</it>) in <it>M. abscessus </it>and <it>M. chelonae </it>has evolved through specialization, being able to transfer one acetyl at once in a sequential manner. There is a second smaller and distant (<it>M. chelonae</it>, 900 kb; <it>M. abscessus</it>, 3 Mb) cluster of six genes involved in the synthesis of the fatty acyl moiety and its attachment to the tripeptide-aminoalcohol moiety. The other genes are scattered throughout the genome, including two genes encoding putative regulatory proteins.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although these three species produce identical GPL molecules, the organization of GPL genes differ between them, thus constituting species-specific signatures. An hypothesis is that the compact organization of the GPL locus in <it>M. smegmatis </it>represents the ancestral form and that evolution has scattered various pieces throughout the genome in <it>M. abscessus </it>and <it>M. chelonae</it>.</p

Socialismes et éducation au XIXe siècle

International audienceExiste-t-il une conception de l'éducation propre au socialisme ? C'est à cette question que cet ouvrage voudrait répondre en proposant une série d'éclairages sur des moments, des théories ou des figures qui sont indissociables du socialisme. En matière d'éducation, les propositions du socialisme au XIXe siècle sont riches, diverses, contradictoires parfois. Toutefois, elles présentent une ca- rat istique commune : elles ne se comprennent et ne prennent tout leur sens que dans la perspective d'une profonde transformation sociale. Henri Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Jean Jaurès ou Robert Owen et Karl Marx mais aussi Louise Michel, Eugène Fournière ou Gustave Hervé, les quarante-huitards comme les communards, ont tous eu pour ambition d'inventer ou de préciser les conditions qui permettraient à l'école de participer pleinement à l'émancipation des individus. Cette édition n'a pas perdu de son actualité à un moment où l'éducation voit son horizon confiné à l'adaptation des nouvelles générations au monde tel qu'il est. L'ambition de cet ouvrage est d'étudier comment le mouvement socialiste a su articuler des conceptions et des réalisations originales de l'éducation au projet de transformation sociale. Il s'agit de comprendre quelles formes peut prendre une éducation quand elle entend contrarier les effets les plus délétères d'une société de classes et contribuer à l'émancipation complète des individus dans une société égalitaire. Situées dans leur contexte, ces conceptions et ces expérimentations appartiennent sans aucun doute à l'histoire. Mais elles portent en elles un projet qui s'il n'a pas abouti n'est pas pour autant révolu

Développement d'une chaîne automatique d'écriture de schémas chimiques explicites et réduits adaptés à l'étude de la pollution photooxydante aux différentes échelles

Pour modéliser en 3D la pollution photooxydante, les schémas chimiques utilisés sont nécessairement réduits (environ 100 espèces). Ces réductions dépendent des milieux à modéliser. L objectif de ce travail est de développer une chaîne d écriture automatique de schémas explicites et réduits pour l étude de la pollution photooxydante aux différentes échelles. La méthode consiste à (1) développer un outil permettant l écriture automatique de schémas explicites d oxydation des COV depuis l initiation jusqu à leur oxydation totale en CO2 et H2O (2) écrire, à l aide de cet outil, un schéma de référence : pour 67 COV primaires représentatifs des émissions, il contient plus de 2 millions de réactions et 350 000 espèces et 3) évaluer en 1D, par rapport à cette référence, les biais liés aux réductions de schémas, sur des scénarios typiques de la troposphère. Le schéma final obtenu (150 espèces) reproduit la chimie de l ozone depuis les milieux pollués jusqu aux milieux éloignés des sources.Millions of compounds are involved in atmospheric chemistry. Chemical schemes must then be reduced (around 100 species) to model the photo-oxidant pollution using chemistry transport models (CTM). The reduction methods depend on the case under consideration. The goal of this work was to develop an automatic procedure allowing to write explicit and reduced chemical schemes suited to the study of photo-oxidant pollution at different scales. The method is based on (1) the development of an automatic tool dedicated to the writing of explicit schemes for VOC oxidation from the initiation to their total oxidation in CO2 et H2O (2) the writing of an explicit scheme for 67 primary VOC (350.000 species) and (2) the assessment, using box model simulations for several typical tropospheric conditions, of reduced schemes using the explicit scheme as a reference. The final reduced chemical scheme (150 species) is suitable to model the ozone and oxidant chemistry from polluted to remote conditions.PARIS12-CRETEIL BU Multidisc. (940282102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Microphases deriving from Ba 2 ZrF 8 structure type: II: Crystal structure of Sr 17 Zr 9 F 70 and Sr 17.145 Zr 9 F 70.29

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Combined contribution of active RFID technology, time lapse camera and DTM for monitoring of the Haut-Drac river restoration (Southern Alps, France)

International audienceThe Drac River in the Champsaur valley drains a 544 km² catchment. In the recent past, this braided river was largely impacted by intensive gravel mining. In the section near Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur, a dramatic channel incision occurs, with important consequences on bank stability. The embankment protecting a leisure centre artificial water body has been threatened by channel incision, and therefore, the local water management authority (CLEDA) decided to restore the river in 2014 in order to stop incision and to recover the braided morphology. The aim of this study is to design a specific methodology for monitoring the restored site. In fact, most of the sediment supply is actually controlled by the " Chabottes plain ". This plain is a large active braided section located 3 km upstream of the restored site. For understanding the recovery of the restored site, it is important to evaluate the sediment connectivity between the upstream braided plain and the restored reach. One hundred artificial pebbles have been equipped with active RFID tracers and deployed in the downstream part of the Chabottes plain in order to characterize distances of transport of bedload particles. Moreover, 100 active RFID transponders have been inserted in erosion columns in order to evaluate scour-and-fill depths along the intermediate section. This equipment is completed by sequential high-resolution DTMs (from airborne LiDAR data and from SfM photogrammetry) and by time lapse cameras in order to quantify and characterize channel adjustments

Assembly of polyamines via amino acids from three components using cobalt(III) template methodology.

A versatile and efficient template synthesis has been developed to synthesise novel polyamines [e.g. rac-N3-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,3-diamine, isospermidine 1] via amino acids [e.g. (2R,4S/2S,4R)-N4-(3-aminopropyl)-2,4-di-aminopentanoic acid] using cobalt(III) to assemble the three precursor components in a biomimetic manner

Role of boron on the Spark Plasma Sintering of an α-SiC powder

International audienceThis study deals with the role of non-oxide sintering aids such as boron carbide (B4C) or – free boron (B) plus free carbon (C) – on the Spark Plasma Sintering treatment of silicon carbide. The results so obtained clearly show that free boron plus free carbon additions lead to the higher densification rates. This favourable behaviour with regards to the densification kinetics is accompanied by the absence of any abnormal grain growth. At the opposite, boron carbide additions do not significantly raise the densification kinetic after SPS treatment of SiC in comparison to pure silicon carbide. In this case, TEM investigations point out the formation of a borosilicate vitreous phase due to the dissolution process of B4C in contact with a native superficial silica layer surrounding the SiC grains. The resulting liquid phase leads to an abnormal grain growth coupled with undensifying process

A Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Triglycosylated Glycopeptidolipids in Mycobacterium smegmatis: Impact on Surface Properties

The cell envelope of mycobacteria is a complex structure that plays an important role in the interactions of the cell with its environment and in the protection against the antimicrobial activity of the immune system. Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are species- or type species-specific glycolipids that are present at the surface of a number of mycobacteria and that are characterized by a high variability in glycosylation patterns. These GPLs possess various biological activities that depend mostly on the sugars capping the core molecule. In Mycobacterium smegmatis, the GPL core can be substituted by either two or three deoxyhexoses. In this study, we show that Gtf3 is a glycosyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of the triglycosylated GPLs. Biochemical analysis of these molecules, with a combination of mass spectrometry and chemical degradation methods, has shown that they contain three deoxyhexose moieties. The presence of the triglycosylated GPLs is associated with cell surface modifications that lead to a decrease in sliding motility as well as a modification in cellular aggregation and colony appearance on Congo red. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Gtf3 is a member of a yet-uncharacterized glycosyltransferase family conserved among the mycobacteria