283 research outputs found

    Inter- and intraspecific variation in mangrove carbon fraction and wood specific gravity in Gazi Bay, Kenya

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    The tropical mangrove ecosystem harbors great potential for carbon offsetting schemes because of their exceptionally high carbon sequestration potential. These cannot only generate an income for local communities by financially compensating for the non‐exploitation of protected or replanted stands, but also simultaneously reduce emissions due to forest degradation and deforestation, thereby helping to counteract the global threat on these forests. As carbon is directly monetized through offsetting carbon emissions, accurate species‐specific estimation of carbon content in trees is essential and reduces the propagation of errors generated by accounting uncertainties. Accordingly, this study assessed variation in both carbon fraction and wood specific gravity among and within the 10 mangrove species occurring in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Significant interspecific differences were found with values ranging from 45.8% (Avicennia marina) to 49.8% (Ceriops tagal) for carbon fraction and from 0.58 (Sonneratia alba) to 0.93 (Pemphis acidula) for wood specific gravity. The influence of environmental factors (soil salinity, stand density, and elevation a.s.l. as a proxy for multiple interrelated conditions) was investigated, but only elevation a.s.l. appeared to have a species‐specific though moderate influence only on carbon fraction. Significant differences in carbon fraction and wood specific gravity were found between stem, aerial roots, and branches of Rhizophora mucronata. In contrast, no significant differences in carbon fraction were found among different stem tissues of A. marina, C. tagal and R. mucronata, the Bay's most abundant species. These results provide insight in carbon content variation, confirming the importance of considering species‐specific or even site‐specific values of carbon fraction and wood specific gravity, thereby rendering future carbon accounting more accurate

    Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly after 23 weeks of gestation: a European register-based study.

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    Objective To determine the prevalence of termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) after 23 weeks of gestation in European countries, and describe the spectrum of anomalies for which late TOPFA is recorded. Design Population-based study. Setting Twelve European countries. Population Nineteen registries of congenital anomaly in 12 European countries between 2000 and 2005. The number of total births covered was 2 695 832. Methods TOPFAs in singleton pregnancies from the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies and Twins (EUROCAT)database. Main outcome measures The prevalence of TOPFA and type of anomaly. Results There were 10 233 TOPFAs, 678 (6.6%) of which were performed at 24 weeks or more. The rate of TOPFA before 24 weeks was 3.4 per 1000 births, at 24-25 weeks 0.14 per 1000 births and at 26 weeks or more 0.11 per 1000 births. There was significant variation in the prevalence of TOPFA at ?24 weeks between countries (P < 0.001), with all countries in the range 0-0.55 per 1000 births, except France (Paris) at 2.65 per 1000 births. The large majority of late TOPFAs had a gestational age of 24-27 weeks (516/678, 76%). The proportion of TOPFAs from 24 weeks or more varied by type of anomaly, with 4% of all TOPFAs for chromosomal anomalies and 9% of all TOPFAs for nonchromosomal anomalies resulting in late TOPFA (P < 0.001). For transposition of the great arteries, single ventricle, hypoplastic left heart and hydrocephaly, the percentage of late TOPFA was 12-23%. The median time interval between diagnosis and late TOPFA was 2 weeks for most anomalies, but longer (?5 weeks) for diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocoele, arthrogryposis multiplex and Turner\u27s syndrome. Conclusion Late TOPFA is rare in Europe, and varies in prevalence between countries. Compared with earlier TOPFA, late TOPFA is more often performed for a nonchromosomal isolated major structural anomaly and less often for a fetus with a chromosomal syndrome or multiple anomalies

    Influence de la longueur de la Chaine Aliphatique sur l'association des Alcools.

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    ThÚse de doctorat -- Université catholique de Louvain, 196

    Les modes de coordination mis en Ɠuvre par les collectifs d'agriculteurs porteurs de filiĂšres territorialisĂ©es : un levier pour la transition agroĂ©cologique ?

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    As the coordination of a diversity of stakeholders within a territory is identified as necessary and essential for the agroecological transition, interest is growing in the ways in which these stakeholders coordinate, the factors that lead them to organise collectively and the resources that they create and mobilise. While collective action among farmers is regularly presented as a lever for the agroecological transition, this thesis focuses on coordination modes that farmers use when they organise themselves collectively to create and develop organic farming territorialized supply chains. We use the economy of proximity as our theoretical framework, which, through the study of interactions between actors within a territory, enables us to address the themes of governance, collective action and collectively created resources. Using the grid of geographical and organised proximities and the tools of the social networks analysis - particularly those referring to complete social networks and relational chains - we study the interdependence and power relationships and the embeddedness phenomena at work at different scales: the territorialised food system, the territorialised supply chain, the group of peer farmers and the farm. To do this, we carried out an empirical analysis based on the study and comparison of five organic farmers' collectives involved in territorialised supply chains in the Puy-de-DĂŽme (France). We conducted field surveys based mainly on individual semi-structured interviews and sociometric questionnaires. Our results show that the modes of coordination are characterised by a diversity of interactions between farmers, between economic stakeholders within the territorialised supply chain and with other stakeholders in the territorialised food system. These interactions are based on interpersonal relationships and shared geographical and organisational proximity between stakeholders and are consolidated by various formal tools and rules designed to ensure an environment of trust favourable to their coordination. These interactions lead to the creation and circulation of a diversity of resources needed for the agroecological transition. These resources contribute to facilitating changes in practices on farms, to encouraging the commitment and involvement of farmers in their peer group, to ensuring the co-construction of a specific product and to contributing to territorial diversification.A l’heure oĂč la coordination d’une diversitĂ© d’acteurs dans les territoires est identifiĂ©e comme nĂ©cessaire et indispensable Ă  la transition agroĂ©cologique, un intĂ©rĂȘt se porte aux modalitĂ©s de coordination de ces acteurs, les facteurs qui les amĂšnent Ă  s’organiser collectivement et les ressources qu’ils crĂ©ent et mobilisent. Alors que l’action collective des agriculteurs est rĂ©guliĂšrement prĂ©sentĂ©e comme un levier pour la transition agroĂ©cologique, nous nous intĂ©ressons dans le cadre de cette thĂšse aux modes de coordination que les agriculteurs mettent en Ɠuvre lorsqu’ils s’organisent collectivement pour crĂ©er et dĂ©velopper des filiĂšres territorialisĂ©es en agriculture biologique. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre thĂ©orique de l’économie de proximitĂ©s, qui, Ă  travers l’étude des interactions entre acteurs au sein d’un territoire, nous permet de traiter les thĂšmes de la gouvernance, de l’action collective et des ressources collectivement crĂ©Ă©es. A l’appui de la grille des proximitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et organisĂ©es et des cadres et outils d’analyse des rĂ©seaux sociaux - particuliĂšrement ceux se rĂ©fĂ©rant aux rĂ©seaux sociaux complets et aux chaines relationnelles - nous Ă©tudions les relations d’interdĂ©pendances, les rapports de force et les phĂ©nomĂšnes d’encastrement Ă  l’Ɠuvre Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles : le systĂšme alimentaire territorialisĂ©e, la filiĂšre territorialisĂ©e, le groupe de pairs agriculteurs et l’exploitation agricole. Pour cela, nous avons menĂ© un travail d’analyse empirique s’appuyant sur l’étude et la mise en regard de cinq collectifs d’agriculteurs porteurs de filiĂšres territorialisĂ©es en agriculture biologique dans le Puy-de-DĂŽme. Nous avons menĂ© des enquĂȘtes de terrain essentiellement basĂ©es sur des entretiens semi-directifs individuels et des questionnaires sociomĂ©triques. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que les modes de coordination sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par une diversitĂ© d’interactions entre agriculteurs, entre acteurs Ă©conomiques de la filiĂšre territorialisĂ©e et avec d’autres acteurs du systĂšme alimentaire territorialisĂ©. Ces interactions s’appuient la plupart du temps sur des relations interpersonnelles et des partages de proximitĂ©s gĂ©ographiques et organisĂ©es entre les acteurs et se consolident grĂące Ă  divers outils et rĂšgles formels destinĂ©s Ă  assurer un environnement de confiance propice Ă  leur coordination. Ces interactions entraĂźnent la crĂ©ation et la circulation de ressources nĂ©cessaires Ă  la transition agroĂ©cologique. Ainsi, ces ressources participent Ă  faciliter des changements de pratiques dans les fermes, Ă  favoriser l’engagement et l’implication des agriculteurs dans leur groupe de pairs, Ă  assurer la coconstruction d’une offre spĂ©cifique avec les acteurs Ă©conomiques de la filiĂšre territorialisĂ©e et Ă  contribuer Ă  la diversification productive et territoriale

    [Medical and Genetic-aspects of Male Pseudo-hermaphroditism]

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    Prévention des troubles majeurs du développement : proposition d'une stratégie basée sur la mise au point personnelle de 420 observations

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    Major congenital malformations (MCM) have stimulated imagination for centuries. In addition, they became in 1993 the first cause of perinatal deaths. In this work, we try to define a way to reduce their burden in attemption at lowering their incidence at birth. In the first chapter, we review and discuss the main nosological classification systems pertaining to congenital malformations in general and MCM in particular. It is mainly the pathogenic classification based on the concept of morphogenetic field of development, the aetiological and the anatomical classifications which are analyzed and discussed. In terms of prevention, however, we favour the aetiological system. This last system is detailed and we explain the reasons why the series published in the medical literature have different figures as compared to ours. At the end of the chapter, we try to draw a global etiopathogenic scheme that would to be applicable broadly to normal and pathologic morphogenesis. In the second chapter, we go into details in describing the applied methodology when studying MCM and describe the protocol used in our institution. This protocol is virtually adaptable to every case. We insist on crucial importance of coordination, organized by a physician who tries to control the whole process from autopsy to birth of a subsequent normal child. In recent years we adapted to very different practical situations combining the use of the protocol with new facilities offered by progresses in diagnostic procedures, including clinical dysmorphology, high resolution cytogenetic, molecular biology, biochemistry and increasing personal experience. We adapted also to widespread use of prenatal diagnosis with, as a consequence, division of our diagnostic approach into two categories : before and after 24-26 weeks of gestation. In the third chapter, we consider the issue f registering, within a defined area, the highest number of MCM cases thanks to collaboration of multiple actors. This task is presently greatly facilitates by the Eurocat network in which our structure is included. Some general informations on the main international organizations controlling the data on MCM are given (Clearinghouse and Eurocat) with emphasis being given on the advantages and weakness of these systems. We finally suggest a model inspired by the integration of Loverval’s centre to Eurocat. The fourth chapter is devoted to our personal data as a result o the proposed methodology. We subdivide the MCM in chromosomal, monogenic, multifactorial, environmental and idiopathic. We compare the results of the literature with those of our own series. The yields of our system appears rather higher than that of previous series. Possible causes for this discrepancy are discussed , the main potential bias being the fact we were more concerned in this work by the MCM than by congenital has played a great part in this high yields and more particularly in working up the group of the so-called idiopathic congenital malformations. In the fifth chapter, we give some enlightenments on the means and the strategy to be developed in order to significantly reduce the incidence of MCM at birth. This strategy based on the presently described organization is also made of close relationships between genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. This strategy has been summarized in table XII and it includes all the cases of MCM of our series, mentioning aetiologies, recurrence risks, prognosis and when indicated, treatment, as well as feasibility and modalities of subsequent prenatal diagnosis. Once again we do insist in the most important task of the coordinator in finalizing this strategy. In the sixth chapter we evaluate for Ă  12-years period to 485 the number of normal infants born to parent having experienced the birth of a malformed baby. Accordingly, 29 malformed births have been avoided through application of this protocol. Finally, we explain how the material collected provided the basis for several biomedical scientific studies: developmental histology of cerebral cortex and corpus callosum, histology of the pancreas in different rare conditions, placental alkaline phosphatase expression in gonads during normal development and in chromosomally abnormal fetuses. Some bioethical issues end the work. In an addendum, we give some details concerning the used terminology (glossary) with illustrations and selected photos (72) most of tem unpublished related to chapter IVNous avons toujours Ă©tĂ© sensibles aux diffĂ©rents aspects de la prĂ©vention en mĂ©dicine que ce soit dans le domaine de la malnutrition et des maladies infectieuses dans le Kibu (ZaĂŻre) ou dans celui du retard mental dans notre pays. A propos de ce dernier, nous avons montrĂ© prĂ©cĂ©demment (127) que l’acceptation par les parents d’un retard mental modĂ©rĂ© ou sĂ©vĂšre chez leur enfant Ă©tant meilleur dĂšs lors que le diagnostic avait Ă©tĂ© posĂ©e prĂ©cocement et que son annonce avait Ă©tĂ© faite sans ambages. Nous avons aussi contribuĂ© Ă  la mise au point et Ă  la connaissance du retard mental dit lĂ©ger qui, malgrĂ© une incidence trĂšs Ă©levĂ©e, n’a Ă©tĂ© que peu Ă©tudiĂ© d’un point de vue mĂ©dicale (128 Ă  132). Dans le mongolisme ou trisomie 21, nous avons Ă©galement soulignĂ©e (133, 134) que son incidence n’avait guĂšre diminuĂ© au cours des 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es malgrĂ© une rĂ©duction importante du nombre de grossesses aprĂšs 35 ans. Nous nous somme Ă©galement intĂ©ressĂ© aux problĂšmes de l’infertilitĂ© chez l’homme (135 Ă  137) et Ă  ceux posĂ©s par les anomalies du dĂ©veloppement sexuel (138). A propos de celles-ci, nous avons rappelĂ© l’importance d’un diagnostic prĂ©coce et correct permettant de prĂ©venir de vĂ©ritable catastrophes tant sur le plan humain que physiologique ainsi que la dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rescence maligne des gonades caractĂ©risant un grand nombre de ces Ă©tats intersexuĂ©s (102)/ C’est toutefois le domaine des malformations congĂ©nitales et plus spĂ©cialement de ces anomalies majeures avec lĂ©talitĂ© prĂ©coce qui a particuliĂšrement retenu notre attention depuis une dizaine d’annĂ©es. Durance cette pĂ©riode, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un dĂ©partement de fƓtopathologie qui nous a permis d’affiner considĂ©rablement les diagnostics de fƓtopathies malformatives. En fait, les troubles majeurs du dĂ©veloppement (TMD) constituent toujours en 1992, la cause principale de mortalitĂ© pĂ©rinatale avec une incidence d’environ 4‰. Par leur caractĂšre impressionnant, elles sont, en outre, susceptibles d’avoir un impact nĂ©gatif sur la dynamique des couples concernĂ©s d’autant plus que certains d’entre eux sont grevĂ©s d’une risque considĂ©rable de rĂ©currence, gĂ©nĂ©rateur d’un surcroĂźt d’anxiĂ©tĂ©. Il s’agit donc lĂ  d’un rĂ©el problĂšme de santĂ© publique et le but du prĂ©sent travail est de proposer une stratĂ©gie visant Ă  rĂ©duire significativement l’incidence Ă  la naissance de cette fraction, apparemment inamovible et rĂ©sistante, du taux de mortalitĂ© pĂ©rinatale. Plusieurs Ă©tapes sous-entendent cette stratĂ©gie : la premiĂšre consiste Ă  dĂ©finir le sujet abordĂ© et Ă  proposer diffĂ©rentes systĂšmes de classification ainsi qu’un modĂšle Ă©tiopahtogĂ©nique unique, valable pour l’ensemble de ces TMD. Au cours de la deuxiĂšme Ă©tape, une mĂ©thodologie visant Ă  Ă©tablir un diagnostic de certitude est dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Le nom de « protocole intĂ©grĂ© » lui a Ă©tĂ© attribuĂ© ; elle fait appel Ă  un coordonnateur, responsable d’un programme de recherche diagnostique adaptĂ© Ă  chaque cas, de la synthĂšse et du conseil gĂ©nĂ©tique. La troisiĂšme Ă©tape souligne l’importance qu’il y a d’insĂ©rer notre propre rĂ©seau de recensement des TMD Ă  un systĂšme international de surveillance des malformations congĂ©nitales (Eurocat). Un premier bilan de l’action entreprise est dressĂ© ensuite. Il souligne, entre autres, le rendement particuliĂšrement Ă©levĂ© de nos recherches Ă©tiologiques par rapport aux sĂ©ries de la littĂ©rature. La cinquiĂšme Ă©tape montre quels sont les moyens pratiques Ă  utiliser pour arriver au but poursuivi, Ă  savoir la rĂ©duction de l’incidence des TMD ; il s’agit de la quintessence de la stratĂ©gie envisagĂ©e. Lors d’une nouvelle grossesse, elle consiste Ă  organiser, Ă  partir du cas princeps (comme rĂ©fĂ©rence) une Ă©troite collaboration entre toutes les parties impliquĂ©es. Un guide pratique inspirĂ© des 420 cas de TMD de cette sĂ©rie est proposĂ©. Enfin, un bilan global de l’action entreprise est exposĂ© dans la derniĂšre Ă©tape. Il suggĂšre, non sans Ă©luder les aspects Ă©thiques qu’elle soulĂšve, que la stratĂ©gie dĂ©veloppĂ©e Ă  un double effet, celui de favoriser la mise au monde d’enfants sains dont conception n’aurait probablement pas Ă©tĂ© envisagĂ©e sans elle et celui d’éviter la naissance ultĂ©rieure d’enfants atteintsThĂšse d'agrĂ©gation de l'enseignement supĂ©rieur (facultĂ© de mĂ©decine) -- UCL, 199

    [Must the Indications of Amniocentesis for Prenatal-diagnosis Be Extended]

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    Neural tube defects and omphalocele in trisomy 18

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