Destroy Grasshopper Eggs

Grasshopper infestations of more or less serious proportions have been experienced in South Dakota during the past 10 years. Each fall many questions have been asked the writers concerning the deposit of eggs that was made by the grasshoppers during the growing season just closed and information was sought concerning measures which, if followed, might be effective in destroying the hopper eggs. There are about 112 different species and varieties of grasshoppers in South Dakota. Ordinarily, only four of this number affect our cultivated crops to a damaging extent. These four species are the two-striped, the differential, the red-legged, and the lesser migratory grasshoppers. The two-striped and the differential grasshoppers are robust of body and usually measure between one and one and three-fourths inches in length. The red-legged and the lesser migratory grasshoppers, on the other hand, are smaller, usually measuring less than an inch. These hoppers all live over winter in the egg stage. The eggs are deposited in masses called egg pods. (See more in text.

Control Measures for Stored Grain Insects

Provides suggestions for managing insect infestations when storing grains. It includes tips for preparing grain bins, use of fumigation, and safety when working near grain bins

Clothes Moth

Information on silverfish, carpet beetles, and moths, including what they eat and how to control them

Garden Crop Pest Control Chart

Chart for controlling pests that affect various types of vegetables in a home garden. This includes the use of insecticides on aphids, beetles, and corn earworm

Control Measures for Insects in Stored Grain Insects

Updated suggestions for managing insect infestations when storing grains. It includes tips for preparing grain bins, use of fumigation, and safety when working near grain bins

Spraying Cattle Insects

Information for controlling insects on cattle by spraying insecticides. Includes the use of DDT, rotene, and derris powder to prevent insects such as flies, cattle grubs, and cattle lice

Mathematical Model of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Ceftiofur in Commensal Enteric Escherichia coli of Cattle

Antimicrobial use in food animals may contribute to antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of animals and humans. Commensal bacteria of animal intestine may serve as a reservoir of resistance-genes. To understand the dynamics of plasmid-mediated resistance to cephalosporin ceftiofur in enteric commensals of cattle, we developed a deterministic mathematical model of the dynamics of ceftiofur-sensitive and resistant commensal enteric Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the absence of and during parenteral therapy with ceftiofur. The most common treatment scenarios including those using a sustained-release drug formulation were simulated; the model outputs were in agreement with the available experimental data. The model indicated that a low but stable fraction of resistant enteric E. coli could persist in the absence of immediate ceftiofur pressure, being sustained by horizontal and vertical transfers of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, and ingestion of resistant E. coli. During parenteral therapy with ceftiofur, resistant enteric E. coli expanded in absolute number and relative frequency. This expansion was most influenced by parameters of antimicrobial action of ceftiofur against E. coli. After treatment (>5 weeks from start of therapy) the fraction of ceftiofur-resistant cells among enteric E. coli, similar to that in the absence of treatment, was most influenced by the parameters of ecology of enteric E. coli, such as the frequency of transfer of plasmids carrying resistance-genes, the rate of replacement of enteric E. coli by ingested E. coli, and the frequency of ceftiofur resistance in the latter

Behavioral genetics and taste

This review focuses on behavioral genetic studies of sweet, umami, bitter and salt taste responses in mammals. Studies involving mouse inbred strain comparisons and genetic analyses, and their impact on elucidation of taste receptors and transduction mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the effect of genetic variation in taste responsiveness on complex traits such as drug intake is considered. Recent advances in development of genomic resources make behavioral genetics a powerful approach for understanding mechanisms of taste