The Usefulness of Biological and Neuroimaging Markers for the Diagnosis of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease

The recent proposed criteria for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have strongly claimed the usefulness of biological and neuroimaging markers for early identification AD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Tau/Abeta ratio, hippocampal atrophy, posterior cingulate, and neocortical associative area hypometabolism, or amyloid burden evaluated by PiB compound, held the premises to increase diagnostic accuracy in the preclinical disease stages. Despite many efforts to identify subjects at risk of developing AD, less attention has been paid to presenile AD diagnosis. A few data are already available in early onset AD, mainly obtained in cases of monogenic disorder. In this paper, we discuss the current literature on the role of biological and neuroimaging markers in presenile AD

Cortical Inhibitory Imbalance in functional paralysis

Background: Functional neurological disorders are characterized by neurological symptoms that have no identifiable pathology and little is known about their underlying pathophysiology. Objectives: To analyze motor cortex excitability and intracortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits' imbalance in patients with flaccid functional weakness. Methods: Twenty-one consecutive patients with acute onset of flaccid functional weakness were recruited. Single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols were used to analyze resting motor thresholds (RMT) and intracortical inhibitory (short interval intracortical inhibition - SICI) and excitatory (intracortical facilitation - ICF) circuits' imbalance between the affected and non-affected motor cortices. Results: We observed a significant increase in RMT and SICI in the affected motor cortex (p < 0.001), but not for ICF, compared to the contralateral unaffected side. Conclusion: This study extends current knowledge of functional weakness, arguing for a specific central nervous system abnormality which may be involved in the symptoms' pathophysiology

Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in basilar artery occlusion: variables affecting recanalization and outcome

Ischemic stroke due to basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is frequently associated with a poor prognosis. To date the most effective therapeutic approach has not been established and little is known about the predictors of clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to describe safety and efficacy of intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy (IAMT) through latest generation devices in patients with BAO, focusing on those variables that may affect recanalization and clinical outcome. We analyzed retrospectively a series of 32 patients with BAO who underwent IAMT. We assessed the association of some clinical and neuroradiological features with recanalization rate and clinical outcome. Successful recanalization was achieved in 28 out of 32 patients (87.5 %). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) was observed in 2/32 patients (6.3 %) and mortality in the first 3 months was 25.0 %. At 3-month follow up evaluation, 13/32 patients (40.6 %) showed a good functional outcome (mRS score ≤2). There were no statistical differences in term of age, gender, risk factors, cause of stroke, recanalization rate, pre-treatment pc-ASPECTS score and SICH frequencies between patients with favorable and unfavorable outcome. Increased length of thrombi was associated with unfavorable clinical outcome at 3 months. Recanalization rate was not affected by any of the variables considered. In BAO, IAMT through newest generation devices has high recanalization rates and low complication frequencies. Length of BAO is an important predictor of clinical outcome

Leukoaraiosis is a predictor of futile recanalization in acute ischemic stroke

Futile recanalization occurs when successful recanalization fails to improve clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients. Predictors of futile recanalization are still debated and may help in selecting patients for reperfusion strategies. We aim to determine whether leukoaraiosis may be useful in predicting futile recanalization in acute ischemic stroke patients treated by endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. We included in the analysis patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion undergoing endovascular mechanical thrombectomy obtaining complete vessel recanalization. Demographics, vascular risk factors, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, time from symptoms onset to recanalization, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, and leukoaraiosis graded on a 4-point van Swieten scale were collected. We dichotomized patients into those with moderate-severe leukoaraiosis (2-4) versus those with absent-slight leukoaraiosis (0, 1). Outcome measures were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and modified Rankin scale score at 90 days. The relationships among radiological parameters and clinical data with outcome measures were studied with univariate and multivariable analyses. Sixty-eight patients were identified. Recanalization was futile in 32.4% of cases. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of moderate-severe LA was independent predictors of FR (P = 0.01). Furthermore, higher NIHSS score at baseline (P < 0.01) end endovascular mechanical thrombectomy alone treatment (P < 0.01) resulted associated with futile recanalization. Our results showed that the presence of moderate-severe leukoaraiosis is associated with poor outcome in recanalized patient

MOESM2 of Modulation of long-term potentiation-like cortical plasticity in the healthy brain with low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields

Additional file 2. CTU Mega 20ÂŽ technical description. Description: detailed description of the physical and technical basis of the functioning of CTU Mega 20ÂŽ device used in the present study

MOESM1 of Modulation of long-term potentiation-like cortical plasticity in the healthy brain with low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields

Additional file 1. CONSORT 2010 checklist. CONSORT 2010 checklist of information to include when reporting a randomised trial, with the number of the page for each item reported on the right

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of inpatients with neurologic disease and COVID-19 in Brescia, Lombardy, Italy

Objective: To report clinical and laboratory characteristics, as well as treatment and clinical outcomes of patients admitted for neurologic diseases with and without COVID-19. Methods: In this retrospective, single center cohort study, we included all adult inpatients with confirmed COVID-19, admitted to a Neuro-COVID Unit from February 21, 2020, who had been discharged or died by April 5, 2020. Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data were extracted from medical records and compared (FDR-corrected) to those of neurologic patients without COVID-19 admitted in the same period. Results: One hundred seventy-three patients were included in this study, of whom 56 were positive for COVID-19 while 117 were negative for COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were older (77.0, IQR 67.0-83.8 vs 70.1, IQR 52.9-78.6, p = 0.006), had a different distribution regarding admission diagnoses, including cerebrovascular disorders (n = 43, 76.8% vs n = 68, 58.1%), and had a higher quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score on admission (0.5, IQR 0.4-0.6 vs 0.9, IQR 0.7-1.1, p = 0.006). In-hospital mortality rates (n = 21, 37.5% vs n = 5, 4.3%, p < 0.001) and incident delirium (n = 15, 26.8% vs n = 9, 7.7%, p = 0.003) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. COVID-19 and non-COVID patients with stroke had similar baseline characteristics but patients with COVID-19 had higher modified Rankin scale scores at discharge (5.0, IQR 2.0-6.0 vs 2.0, IQR 1.0-3.0, p < 0.001), with a significantly lower number of patients with a good outcome (n = 11, 25.6% vs n = 48, 70.6%, p < 0.001). In patients with COVID-19, multivariable regressions showed increasing odds of in-hospital death associated with higher qSOFA scores (OR 4.47, 95% CI 1.21-16.5; p = 0.025), lower platelet count (0.98, 0.97-0.99; p = 0.005) and higher lactate dehydrogenase (1.01, 1.00-1.03; p = 0.009) on admission. Conclusions: COVID-19 patients admitted with neurologic disease, including stroke, have a significantly higher in-hospital mortality, incident delirium and higher disability than patients without COVID-19