The role of neighborhood morphology in enhancing thermal comfort and resident’s satisfaction

The unilateral development of built environments in cities leads to imbalances in climatic conditions and micro-climates, followed by indicators such as thermal comfort. Researchers identified the effect of urban morphology’s geometry, shape, orientation, and mass-space combination on climate change. Also, the influential role of urban greenspaces in enhancing thermal comfort has been studied. Some results show that strengthening urban greenspaces, regardless of the orientation and proportions of the surrounding space, in some cases can prevent the proper circulation of airflow and adverse effects on thermal comfort. In this research, 10 models of neighborhoods in Tehran (the capital of Iran) were studied based on numerical calculation methods and CFD simulations. These simulations are performed by ENVI-met software, which is well-known software in this field. This study investigates which pattern and geometry in the composition of these spaces, with a constant fraction of the building, green spots, and water and paths, could better enhance thermal comfort. The results show that patterns with non-linear structure and a mass of porous spaces in which green spots are scattered have the best results in enhancing thermal comfort

Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies of 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazolo 1,5-a pyrimidines in human breast cancer cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) is essential for physiological functions of tissues and neovasculature. VEGFR signaling is associated with the progression of pathological angiogenesis in various types of malignancies, making it an attractive therapeutic target in cancer treatment. In the present work, we report the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazolo[1, 5-a]pyrimidine derivatives via copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction and screened for their anticancer activity against MCF7 cells. We identified 1-(2′-ethoxy-4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (EFT) as lead cytotoxic agent against MCF7 cell lines with an IC50 value of 1.69 µM. Further evaluation revealed that EFT induces cytotoxicity on Ishikawa, MDA-MB-231 and BT474 cells with IC50 values of 1.97, 4.81 and 4.08 µM respectively. However, EFT did not induce cytotoxicity in normal lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Previous reports suggested that 1,2,3-triazoles are the inhibitors of VEGFR1 and therefore, we evaluated the effect of EFT on the expression of VEGFR1. The results demonstrated that EFT downregulates the expression of VEGFR1 in MCF7 cells. In summary, we identified a potent cytotoxic agent that imparts its antiproliferative activity by targeting VEGFR1 in breast cancer cells. The novel compound could serve as a lead structure in developing VEGFR1 inhibitors

An easy and efficient method for the synthesis of quinoxalines using recyclable and heterogeneous nanomagnetic-supported acid catalyst under solvent-free condition

Synthesis of quinoxalines from o‐phenylenediamines (o‐PDs) with electronically diversified 1,2‐diketones and α‐bromoketones via simple cyclocondensation reaction using an heterogeneous nano‐ϒ‐Fe2O3‐SO3H catalyst has been reported under solvent free condition. Low cost, easy workup, high yield, operational simplicity, less reaction time, environmentally benign nature and catalyst is magnetically retrievable and can be reused up to five catalytic cycles without significant loss in the product yields are the noteworthy features of this protocol

1-(2′-Eth­­oxy-4′-fluoro-[1,1′-biphen­yl]-4-yl)-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole

In the title compound, C\sb 22H\sb 18FN\sb 3O, the triazole ring is planar. The plane of the triazole ring makes dihedral angles of 19.31(10), 20.52(10) and 39.82(9)\circ with the planes of the benzene rings, indicating the overall nonplanarity of the molecule. No classical hydrogen bonds were observed in the structure

A green non-acid-catalyzed process for direct N=N–C group formation: comprehensive study, modeling, and optimization

The aim of this work is to introduce, model, and optimize a new non-acid-catalyzed system for a direct N=N–C bond formation. By reacting naphthols or phenol with anilines in the presence of the sodium nitrite as nitrosonium (NO+) source and triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), a N=N–C group can be formed in non-acid media. Modeling and optimization of the reaction conditions were investigated by response surface method. Sodium nitrite, TEAA, and water were chosen as variables, and reaction yield was also monitored. Analysis of variance indicates that a second-order polynomial model with F value of 35.7, a P value of 0.0001, and regression coefficient of 0.93 is able to predict the response. Based on the model, the optimum process conditions were introduced as 2.2 mmol sodium nitrite, 2.2 mL of TEAA, and 0.5 mL H2O at room temperature. A quadratic (second-order) polynomial model, by analysis of variance, was able to predict the response for a direct N=N–C group formation. Predicted response values were in good agreement with the experimental values. Electrochemistry studies were done to introduce new Michael acceptor moieties. Broad scope, high yields, short reaction time, and mild conditions are some advantages of the presented method

5-Bromo-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

In the title compound, C\sb 5H\sb 3BrN\sb 4, the almost planar triazolo\-pyrimidine ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.014Å) carries a bromo substituent at the 5-position. In the crystal, C—-H⋅sN hydrogen bonds form inversion dimers enclosing \it R\sb 2\sp 2(8) rings and also link mol\-ecules into \it C(5) chains along the \it c-axis direction. Br⋅sN halogen bonds 3.185(4){\AA}, {$\pi$}{--}{$\pi$} stacking inter{\-}actions, centroid-to-centroid separation 3.663(3){\AA} and C{---}Br{$\cdots$}{$\pi$} contacts Br{$\cdots$}{\it Cg} = 3.7881(17){\AA} are also found and combine with the C{---}H{$\cdots$}N hydrogen bonds to stack the mol{\-}ecules along the {\it a}-axis direction

5-(2-Eth­­oxy-4-fluoro­phen­yl)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

In the title compound, C\sb 13H\sb 11FN\sb 4O, the dihedral angle between the triazolo\-pyrimidine ring system and fluoro\-phenyl ring is 39.16(12)\circ. In the crystal, C—-H⋅sN hydrogen bonds link the mol\-ecules resulting in \it R\sb 2\sp 2(8) ring motifs and \it C(8) chain motifs