Factors associated with the distribution and size of Adelges abietis (Homoptera: Adelgidae) galls on a sev- eral years old spruce (Picea abies) plantation

The eastern spruce gall adelgid (Adelges abietis) is a homopteran insect related to aphids. It forms pineapple-like pseudocone galls on Norway spruce (Picea abies) shoots, which are often deformed by them. The factors responsible for gall distribution within a tree crown are not clear. We investigated the distribution of galls in crowns on a spruce plantation. We assumed that the number and size of galls is dependent on the size of the tree, position on the crown, the type of shoot and its placement relative to the compass points. We also counted the larval chambers and related their number with gall size. We demonstrated that the largest galls are in the upper part of the crown and on the lateral shoots, and the number of chambers is closely related to the size of the galls. The level of shoot embrace has a significant impact on shoot deformation

Fides et passio. Wpływ łaski wiary na sferę uczuciową

Theological reflection on the relationship of nature to grace often restricts itself to the comparison of the philosophizing reason and the will as they drive towards truth and goodness, with faith and charity infused in the spiritual faculties. What about the emotional sphere? Does grace also penetrate the passions and enable their ordering and integration with charity? A reflection of moral theology that would refrain from manifesting the fecundity of grace within the emotional sphere would be useless, because it is precisely in this sphere that many people encounter difficulties. The traditional category of the infused moral virtues, as distinct from the acquired moral virtues and also as distinct from the infused theological virtues depicts the fruitfulness of grace within the realm of the passions. But why is it that these infused virtues are not felt, and often they fail to offer the facility that is typical for virtuous living? The fact that evil dispositions may still linger after justification does not mean that the infused virtues do not exist. Their existence will never be felt directly and existentially, but an active faith in the power of grace enables the undertaking of acts that become supernatural and manifest the reality of charity. In acting for the love of God, the former sinner is liberated step by step from his former difficulties and expresses the fecundity of God in all dimensions of his life. In so doing his transformed character encompasses the tenderness of human affectivity and manifests the reality of the infused moral virtues.Teologiczna refleksja nad relacją natury do łaski często ogranicza się do porównania filozofującego rozumu oraz woli, zmierzających w kierunku prawdy i dobra, z wiarą i miłością, wlanych we władze duchowe. Co natomiast ze sferą emocjonalną? Czy łaska wnika także w uczucia i powoduje ich uporządkowanie oraz integrację z miłością? Refleksja teologicznomoralna, która powstrzymywałaby się od ukazania płodności łaski w obrębie sfery emocjonalnej, byłaby bezużyteczna, ponieważ to właśnie w tej sferze wielu ludzi napotyka trudności. Tradycyjna kategoria wlanych cnót moralnych, jako różnych od nabytych cnót moralnych oraz różnych od wlanych cnót teologalnych, obrazuje urodzajność łaski w kontekście sfery uczuć. Dlaczego zatem tych wlanych cnót się nie odczuwa, a same często nie oferują łatwości, która jest właściwa dla cnotliego życia? Prawda, że złe dyspozycje mogą być ciągle obecne po usprawiedliwieniu, nie oznacza, że cnoty wlane nie istnieją. Ich istnienie nigdy nie jest odczuwalne bezpośrednio i egzystencjalnie, ale wiara w moc łaski uzdalnia do podjęcia czynów, które stają się ponadnaturalne i ukazują rzeczywistość miłości. W działaniu na rzecz miłości Bożej, były grzesznik jest uwalniany z jego poprzednich trudności krok po kroku, i ukazuje owocność Boga we wszystkich wymiarach jego życia. Czyniąc tak, jego przekształcony charakter obejmuje czułość ludzkiej afektywności oraz ukazuje rzeczywistość wlanych cnót morlanych

The updating and revising of a plasma discharge simulation program

Thesis (B.S.) in Chemistry--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1984.Bibliography: leaf 18.Microfiche of typescript. [Urbana, Ill.] : Photographic Services, University of Illinois, U of I Library, [1987]. 2 microfiches (61 frames) negative ; 11 x 15 cm

Statistical Study of Ion Upflow and Downflow Observed by PFISR

Ion upflow in the F region and topside ionosphere can greatly influence the ion density and fluxes at higher altitudes and thus has significant impact on ion outflow. We investigated the statistical characteristics of ion upflow and downflow using a 3‐year (2011–2013) data set from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). Ion upflow is twice more likely to occur on the nightside than on the dayside in PFISR observations, while downflow events occur more often in the afternoon sector. Upflow and downflow on the dayside tend to occur at altitudes ~500 km, higher than those on the nightside. Both upflow and downflow occur more frequently as ion convection speed increases. Upflow observed from 16 to 6 magnetic local time through midnight is associated with temperature and density enhancements. Occurrence rates of upflow on the nightside and downflow on the dayside increase with geomagnetic activity level. On the nightside, occurrence rate of ion upflow increases with enhanced solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) drivers as well as southwestward local magnetic perturbations. The lack of correlation of upflow on the dayside with the solar wind and IMF parameters is because PFISR is usually equatorward of the dayside auroral zone. Occurrence rate of downflow does not show strong dependence on the solar wind and IMF conditions. However, it occurs much more frequently on the dayside when the IMF By > 10 nT and the IMF Bz < −10 nT, which we suggest is associated with the decaying of the dayside storm‐enhanced density (SED) and the SED plume.Key PointsThe occurrence frequency of ion upflow increases with enhanced geomagnetic activity level and stronger solar wind and IMF drivingIon upflow at PFISR latitude is twice more likely to occur on the nightside than on the daysidePeak ion downflow occurrence rate reaches 30% on the dayside during strongly positive IMF By and negative Bz, associated with SED and plumePeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163443/3/jgra56049-sup-0001-2020JA028179-SI.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163443/2/jgra56049.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163443/1/jgra56049_am.pd

Defence Is a Priority in Female Juveniles and Adults of Taxus baccata L.

Female individuals of dioecious plants invest their resources more in storage and defence, and the males have higher nitrogen content invested in the production of pollen grains. An unresolved problem is whether this strategy occurs only in sexually mature plants or can also occur in juvenile plants. To answer this, Taxus baccata (L.) needles from the mature plants and rooted cuttings (juveniles) in a pot experiment were compared for the content of carbon, nitrogen, starch, total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), and total phenolic compounds (TPhC). The results indicate that the differences between sexes occurred mainly in sexually mature plants, where the starch content was higher in females and nitrogen in males. However, the novelty of the results is that TPhC was generally higher in females than males in both adults and juveniles, suggesting that defence is a priority for females from an early age. We do not know if this is an innate trait because the strobili production (albeit at a very low level) of juveniles was observed in all individuals after the autumn of the first year. We found no effect of fertilization on sex-specific response in the pot experiment, which may be related to the lower reproductive effort of juveniles