Review on Live animal and Meat Marketing and Production in Ethiopia

This paper reviews research works done on livestock and meat marketing opportunities and challenges in Ethiopia. Moreover, this paper has tried to assess secondary data collected from Ethiopian custom and revenue authority (ECRA) and central statistical agency (CSA) in order to analyze the export and to get a more insight on the livestock production system by smallholders. Live animal and meat export to Middle East and neighboring countries is increasing. The increasing number of live animal and meat exporter, geographic proximity to the Middle East countries, economic growth, government interest and support to the sub sector gives the country comparative advantages in livestock and livestock product trading. However, traditional production system, poor market infrastructure, lack of market information and extension service, trans-boundary disease outbreaks, long and complicated market chain, and illegal cross border trade are affecting the sub-sector performance to the economy and livelihood improvement. Keywords: Live animal, Meat, Marketing, Export, Production DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/77-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

Rapid Population Growth as Foremost Cause of Land Degradation in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The rapid population growth in country leads to land degradation; it includes soil degradation, vegetation degradation and water degradation, and natural resources degradation as whole. Diverse scholars indicated, decreasing tendency of forest cover in Ethiopia over time with the population increment. In Ethiopia, the high population growth leads to soil erosion and soil fertility loss; it accelerates soil erosion due to foot path, overgrazing and others, which is meanly estimated 12 tons/ ha/ yr. and, People are using animal dung and crop residue for household fuel rather than being added to the soil to improve soil fertility, which leads to soil quality declination. And, the population pressure leads the water courses to dry up, reduced the volumes of surface water, depletion of aquifers and pollution. If this rapid population growth of Ethiopia continues like the current situation, the land degradation problem is likely to be even more challengeable in the future. Therefore, this paper aims to explore rapid population growth as foremost cause land degradation in Ethiopia by taking typical evidence from different parts of the country and to suggest solutions. Keywords: Rapid Population Growth, Foremost Cause, Land Degradation, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-9-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

ReviewReviewing the values of a stabdard operating procedure

This article addresses the values of a standard operating procedure based on review of articles. It describes the application and importance of a standard operating procedure from different perspectives while emphasizing its critical relevance to medical practice and pharmaceutical service. The review further discusses shortcomings related to nonexistence of standard operating procedure including inconsistent quality of service; performance variation; procedural mix-ups; and misinterpretation or miscommunication of information. In conclusion, standard operating procedure, if realized and materialized as a component of an effective management system, helps cultivate transparent functions; implement error prevention measures and facilitate corrective actions and transfer knowledge and skill.Keywords: Information, performance variation, quality of service, standard operating procedure valuesEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences vol 22 (3) 201

Impact of Small Scale Irrigation Development on Farmers’ Livelihood Improvement in Ethiopia: A Review

This review aims to illustrate the impact of small scale irrigations on farmers’ livelihood improvement in Ethiopia. It discusses the Ethiopian small scale irrigation development, categories and it impact on farmers’ livelihood improvement. The Ethiopian government has made a huge investment to develop small-scale irrigation schemes, and plans to enhance the recent level of irrigation infrastructure three fold by the end of 2020 to solve the household food insecurity problem of smallholder.Small scale irrigation is prioritized as one of the best alternatives for sustainable livelihood improvement, transformation growth and rural poverty alleviation in the country .It has multi-dimensional impacts on the living development of the rural people. It benefits smallholders in the course of crop diversification and intensification, employment opportunities, livestock production, credit services and increasing household incomes. Therefore, this review is important for understanding what was done in the past and what is going on now in improving farmers’ livelihood through small scale irrigation development in Ethiopia. Keywords: Small scale irrigation, Livelihood improvement, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/62-02 Publication date: January 31st 202

Using yield-SAFE model to assess climate change impact on yield of coffee (Coffea arabica) under agroforestry and monoculture systems

Mestrado Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (MEDFOR) - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - ULEthiopia economy strongly depends on coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production. Coffee, like many other agricultural crops, is sensitive to climate change. Future changes in climate will have a negative impact on coffee yield and quality. Studies have called for an urgent development of coffee’s adaptation strategies against climate change and agroforestry systems have received attention as an adaptation and mitigation strategy for coffee production under future climate. This study contributes to the assessment of coffee production in 1) monoculture and in 2) agroforestry systems, under different climate scenarios, in four different regions, providing insights for preliminary recommendations for coffee growers and policy makers. The Yield-SAFE processbased model was used to predict yield of coffee in monoculture and under agroforestry systems for forty years of current and future climate (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 - HadCM2 model). In monoculture system, coffee yield was estimated to decrease between 4-38 % and 16-58 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1000-1600 kg ha-1 yr-1. However, in agroforestry system the decrease was between 4-13 % and 13-25 % in RCP 4.5 and 8.5, respectively from its current yield of 1200-2200 kg ha-1 yr-1, showing that agroforestry systems have a higher resilience when facing future climate change.N/

The Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Ethiopia: Evidence from ARDL Approach to Co-Integration

The main objective of the study is to analyze the impact of human capital on economic growth in Ethiopia. The methodology used in this research is ARDL Approach to Co-integration. The finding of this research shows that there is a stable long run relationship between real GDP per capita, education human capital, health human capital, labor force, gross capital formation, government expenditure and official development assistance. The estimated long run model indicates that human capital in the form of health have big positive impact on real GDP per capita rise followed by education human capital. Such findings are consistent with the endogenous growth theories. In the short run, the coefficient of the error correction term is -0.7366 suggesting about 73.66 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium. The findings of this paper imply that an economic performance can be improved significantly when the ratio of public expenditure on health to GDP increases and when secondary school enrolments get better. Keywords:  Economic Growth, Human capital, Education, Health, ARDL method of Co-integration

Measuring and analyzing child wellbeing in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia out of the total population of the country, the younger population under age 15 is almost 45% of the country‟s population. The purpose of this research is to identify the wellbeing status of children in the country. For measure and analyze child wellbeing in Ethiopia the appropriate method for analyzing the data was by using Z score for each variables, by average z score value of the variables form a domain and by average z score value of the domains to form a cluster and finally by average of the cluster form index child wellbeing. To know which of the variable affects the domain or the cluster correlation and covariance between the variables or the domains was made. The general framework of the study was developed from FCD-Land index for US and that of Bradshaw for European. While the living conditions of people of the country in general gained increasing recognition but the wellbeing status of children is not monitored on country base. Therefore, to find wellbeing status of children across the country and ranking them across the five regions this paper brings new concepts. The base for this research was different opportunity and legal base of children for their survival therefore; it was based on a rights-base and multi-dimensional understanding of child wellbeing. The research analyzed longitudinal data collected since 2002 available from young lives project that was collected to address the achievement of Millennium Development Goal in Ethiopia in addition to another four countries like India, Vietnam And Peru. The data for addressing the wellbeing status and ranking of the regions on child wellbeing the index was classified in to seven clusters( material situation, health, education, housing, subjective well-being, , children‟s relationships and risk and safety) with in these cluster there are domains and within the domains there are indicators. Therefore for analyzing child wellbeing the latest version of both Special Package for social Science (SPSS) and that of STATA was applied for simplifying the work

Identification and Analysis of Factors that Affect Student’s learning among University Students

The purpose of this study was assessing the factors that affect students learning in University graduate students. The main focus of this study was to see how some students perform well than the other in the academic achievement. To this end: four departments in the college of social science and humanities were selected for these department were the only one in the college which has graduate classes, in which 52 students questionnaire were collected, in addition to the instrument, focused group discussion was also made. All graduate class, who have been in the respected department were also involved in the study. Of the respective total population size of the study groups, 52 students as sample size were taken. Besides, some students were asked to give their idea using informal interview to strengthen the collected data. Prior to the data collection, a pilot study was made to see the reliability and face validity of the instrument. Thus, the reliability of the instrument was 0.7 in Cronbach alpha. After having the intended data, SPSS version 16 was employed to analysis the data. In here, factorial analysis, Pearson correlation, coefficient alphas, descriptive statistics, and percentage were employed on the data. The use of factor analysis has accomplished in identifying six distinct factors, so that using the highest load of the items the highest six components were considered to infer the result of the study:  teaching methodology, teacher student relationship, peer influence, class size, context of the students, and personal interaction were identified as factors that affect in the university students’ learning. Based on these findings conclusions and possible recommendations were made. Keywords: Learning, Factor, outside factors, inside factor

Challenges Associated with Quality of Soda Ash, Abijata Lake, Central Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

Abijata-Shalla Soda Ash Share Company in the central Main Ethiopian Rift is producing soda ash (Na2CO3)by evaporating brine water from Abijata Lake. A study was undertaken to assess the challenges associated with the mining practices and quality of soda ash. Presently, 5000t of soda ash is produced annually with a grade of about 90% against the expected 20,000t with 97% grade. During fieldwork, a geological map is prepared and collected soil, trona, soda ash and water samples for chemical analysis. Water samples were collected from the lake and from different evaporation ponds. Soil samples were collected around the ponds and soda ash samples from the processing plant. All the samples were analyzed for major cations and anions in addition to pH and other parameters. The field and laboratory data suggest that the mining method, pond design, and the timing of transfer of brine water from one pond to another are the major challenges that are affecting the quality of soda ash. New pond design is suggested with minor modification to the existing design which is expected to increase the grade close to 97% Na2CO3.  Keywords: Abijata-Shalla Lakes; Brine water; Evaporation; Trona; Soda Ash; Ethiopia