Remembering tomorrow: wagon roads, identity and the decolonization of a First Nations landscape

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Negotiating space: routes of communication in Roman to British Colonial Cyprus

Offering a social approach to landscape through the systematic study of communication routes, this study redresses the balance between previous social, historical and data driven archaeological studies of roads, paths and communication routes, while providing landscape survey projects with the techniques through which to address social interaction on a regional scale. Research on roads, paths and communication routes completed over the past 50 years focuses on the technology of road building, descriptive historical accounts of roads, and anthropological investigations that focus mainly on the role of communication routes in movement, memory and landscape. Unlike these previous studies, this research addresses communication routes as socially embedded material culture. Since the 1970s many archaeologists working in the Mediterranean have employed regional survey techniques in order to investigate broader patterns of human activity in the landscape. Communication routes are notoriously absent from these survey projects. Interaction is instead extrapolated from topographical information and sherd densities. In the current climate of landscape archaeology where interdisciplinary regional survey projects employ ever more complex and insightful GIS systems in the attempt to understand social landscapes, the absence of communication data appears glaringly obvious. Within this thesis I argue that the importance of roads and paths goes beyond the places they may or may not connect or intersect. Instead, roads and paths are products of daily practices that reaffirm, redefine and reproduce social and cultural relations. Through the intensive survey of communication routes in three distinct regions in Cyprus, (North Palekhori, Mandres and the Akamas Peninsula Survey Zones), I gained a greater understanding of the interplay between human activity, expressions of identity, land use and settlement from the Roman to the British Colonial period. iii Although the morphology and structural features of roads, paths and communication routes vary between these survey zones the underlying themes involved in the construction, maintenance and use of communication routes cut across geography and time. This thesis pushes the boundaries of landscape archaeology and survey methodologies to address: human-land relations, traditions of road and path building, the role of roads and paths in the negotiation of power and the entwined nature of communication routes and perceptions of landscape

White bias in 3-7 year-old children across cultures

In three studies we report data confirming and extending the finding of a tendency toward a White preference bias by young children of various ethnic backgrounds. European American preschoolers who identify with a White doll also prefer it to a Black doll. In contrast, same age African American children who identify with a Black doll do not show a significant preference for it over a White doll. These results are comparable in African American children attending either a racially mixed (heterogeneous), or an Afro-centric, all African American (homogenous) preschool. These results show the persistence of an observation that contributed to school de-segregation in the United States. Results also reveal a lack of congruence between skin color identity and preference is not limited to African Americans. There is a comparable, if not stronger White preference bias in five to seven-year-old Polynesian and Melanesian children tested in their native island nations. Using a modified procedure controlling for binary forced choice biases, we confirm these findings with second generation American children of Indian descent showing clear signs of a White (lighter skin preference) bias. These results are consistent with the idea that during the preschool years children are sensitive and attracted to signs of higher social status that, for historical reasons and across cultures, tends to be associated with lighter skin color.PostprintPeer reviewe

Call for Action: Provinces and Territories Must Protect our Genetic Information

The Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNDA), passed by Parliament in 2017, seeks to protect Canadians’ genetic information. The GNDA establishes certain criminal prohibitions to the use of genetic information and also amends federal employment and human rights legislation to protect against genetic discrimination. However, we argue that the GNDA alone is insufficient to protect Canadians given constitutional limitations on the powers of the federal government. Areas of profound importance relating to genetic discrimination are governed by the provinces and territories. We identify three key areas of provincial/territorial jurisdiction relevant to protection against genetic discrimination and outline the applicable legislative environments. We identify problems with the status quo and set out the gaps and limitations of relying solely on the GNDA. We conclude that provinces and territories need to amend their human rights, employment, and insurance legislation to ensure comprehensive protection of Canadians’ genetic information. La Loi sur la non-discrimination génétique (la Loi), adoptée par le Parlement en 2017, vise à protéger les informations génétiques des Canadiens. La Loi établit certaines règles pénales interdisant l’utilisation des informations génétiques et modifie également d’autres lois fédérales en matière d’emploi et de droits de la personne afin de protéger contre la discrimination génétique. Cependant, nous soutenons que la Loi seule est insuffisante pour protéger les Canadiens étant donné les limitations constitutionnelles des pouvoirs du gouvernement fédéral. Des domaines d’une grande importance relatifs à la discrimination génétique sont régis par les provinces et les territoires. Nous identifions trois domaines clés de compétence provinciale/territoriale pertinents pour la protection contre la discrimination génétique et décrivons les environnements législatifs applicables. Nous identifions les problèmes liés au statu quo et exposons les lacunes et les limites du recours à la seule Loi sur la non-discrimination génétique. Nous concluons que les provinces et les territoires doivent modifier leurs lois relatives aux droits de la personne, à l’emploi et aux assurances afin d’assurer une protection complète des renseignements génétiques des Canadiens

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MORAL DISTRESS, MORAL COURAGE, AND MORAL RESILIENCE IN UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS

The pervasiveness of moral distress in nursing can no longer be ignored. Moral distress can have devastating effects on a nurse and lead to burnout and/or cause the nurse to leave the profession. To mitigate these effects, strategies to decrease moral distress should be implemented as early as nursing school. Related concepts such as moral courage and moral resilience show favorable effects as strategies to combat moral distress. However, little evidence is known as to how these three moral concepts are related with one another. Chapter 2, “Student Courage: An Essential for Today’s Health Education” provides a concept analysis of student courage within nursing education. In order to enhance nursing knowledge, this concept is defined using language to help operationalize the term. Chapter 3 provides an integrative review that summarizes empirical literature from 2012 to 2018 with a comprehensive understanding of moral distress in baccalaureate nursing students. This synthesis of the literature was conducted in consideration of Corley’s (2002) Moral Distress Theory. A descriptive correlational design was used to explore the interrelationships between moral distress, moral courage, and moral resilience in nursing students. Quantitative data was collected using the Moral Distress Thermometer, the Connor-Davidson Moral Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Moral Courage Scale for Physicians (MSCP). The data was analyzed using Pearson r correlations and multiple regression analyses to determine the relationship between these moral concepts. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine if one of the two moral concepts better predicted moral distress in students than the other

Dissociation of Action and Object Naming: Evidence From Cortical Stimulation Mapping

This cortical stimulation mapping study investigates the neural representation of action and object naming. Data from 13 neurosurgical subjects undergoing awake cortical mapping is presented. Our findings indicate clear evidence of differential disruption of noun and verb naming in the context of this naming task. At the individual level, evidence was found for punctuate regions of perisylvian cortex subserving noun and verb function. Across subjects, however, the location of these sites varied. This finding may help explain discrepancies between lesion and functional imaging studies of noun and verb naming. In addition, an alternative coding of these data served to highlight the grammatical class vulnerability of the target response. The use of this coding scheme implicates a role for the supramarginal gyrus in verb-naming behavior. These data are discussed with respect to a functional-anatomical pathway underlying verb naming

Resisting clearance and reclaiming place in Cyprus’ state forests through the work of heritage

The British took over administrative control of Cyprus in 1878 and three years later all uncultivated land was converted into State Forest. The removal of people from the forest over the following 60 years had long term social impacts—clearance is manifest in the absence of a connection and knowledge of the forest and its past inhabitants. This paper explores how clearance is resisted in rural Cyprus through the practice and performance of heritage. It is derived from the community-engaged Pathways to Heritage Project that sought to understand the places and practices of significance to the village of Nikitari located on the outskirts of the Adelphi State Forest, Cyprus. I focus on two stories of resistance. Elder Panayiotis Alexandrou Loppas grew up in the forest and spent his life resisting clearance through visiting his places of significance and performing memory. He reworks the past in order that he and his ancestors are remembered into the future. Teachers and pupils of the Asinou Regional Primary School chose the abandoned village of Asinou as the anchor for a new school identity. Their research transformed this forgotten place into a heritage site while setting the foundations for a new regional identity

Comparison of regional gene expression differences in the brains of the domestic dog and human

Comparison of the expression profiles of 2,721 genes in the cerebellum, cortex and pituitary gland of three American Staffordshire terriers, one beagle and one fox hound revealed regional expression differences in the brain but failed to reveal marked differences among breeds, or even individual dogs. Approximately 85 per cent (42 of 49 orthologue comparisons) of the regional differences in the dog are similar to those that differentiate the analogous human brain regions. A smaller percentage of human differences were replicated in the dog, particularly in the cortex, which may generally be evolving more rapidly than other brain regions in mammals. This study lays the foundation for detailed analysis of the population structure of transcriptional variation as it relates to cognitive and neurological phenotypes in the domestic dog

Digital Badges in Education

Digital badges provide new affordances for online educational activities and experiences. When used with points and leaderboards, a badge can become a gamification element allowing learners to compete with themselves or others, and to know how close they are to accomplishing a goal and acquiring its accompanying reputation. In this role, badges motivate continued engagement, which increases time on task and supports skill acquisition through performance. Learning outcomes signified by badges can also be displayed in an e-portfolio or on web sites and are highly transportable to social media sites. In this role they summarize achievement and signal accomplishment. With these characteristics, digital badges have the potential to become an alternative credentialing system, providing visible recognition in digital symbols that link directly via metadata to validating evidence of educational achievements in public displays. This paper will trace the brief history of digital badges, define what they are, give examples of their use, and discuss their educational affordances

Haematozoa of wild catfishes in northern Australia

Very little is known about the diversity, prevalence, or pathogenicity of haematozoa in Australian freshwater fishes. Blood smears from 189 native catfishes, of six different species, from northern Australia were examined for haematozoa. Haematozoan infections were observed only in fishes from Queensland, at an overall prevalence of 0.191 (95% CI = 0.134–0.265). Intraerythrocytic haemogregarines were present in Neoarius graeffei from the Brisbane River at a prevalence of 0.35 (0.181–0.567). Trypanosomes were present in Tandanus species from four rivers, at prevalences ranging from 0.111 (0.020–0.330) to 1 (0.635–1), and in N. graeffei from one river in Queensland, at a prevalence of 0.063 (0.003–0.305). The haematozoans observed appeared to have little impact on their hosts. Tandanus spp. were significantly more likely to be infected with trypanosomes, suggesting a high parasite-host specificity. This is the first widespread survey of wild Australian freshwater catfishes for haematozoa, resulting in the first report of haemogregarines from Australian freshwater fish, and the first report of trypanosomes from Neoarius graeffei and Tandanus tropicanus