Investigation on changing pattern of health status of juvenile Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from farming systems in Bangladesh

An experiment was carried out to investigate the health status of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix among three different fish farms at Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Fish sampling and water quality parameters were collected on a monthly basis. Samples of skin, muscle, gills, liver and kidney were examined through histological technique. Results from water quality parameters suggested that water temperature had a distinct effect on fish health of H. molitrix, which was mostly evident during the colder months. Infectious symptoms were usually evident in July to October and the severity of pathology was increased in November and December. These were evident from their clinical signs that include scale loss, haemorrhagic lesion, and reddish spots or from their histopathological symptoms such as necrosis, pyknosis, inflammation, haemorrhage, hypertrophy, missing of gill lamellae, vacuums, tubular and pillar cells degeneration, inflammation, clubbing, and suspected bacterial colonies. Results suggest that the health condition of the fishes from BAU fish farm was the best over the other two farms, whereas Government fish farm followed by NGO fish farm were severely affected with EUS, protozoan and bacterial infection. Moreover, internal organs like liver and kidney were more affected than skin, muscle and gills

Invazija miksosporidijama na škrgama i koži šarana u uzgajalištima u Bangladešu: patohistološki nalaz.

Histopathological studies of gills and skin of juvenile carp infected with myxosporidian protozoans in two fish farms (Trisal Government fish farm and Jhalak Private fish farm) of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh were carried out during the period September to December 1994. A total of 140 carp ranging from 4 to12 cm in total length were examined and comprised 70 Labeo rohita (L. rohita), and 70 Cirrhina mrigala (C. mrigala). Samplings were carried out at 15 -day intervals. Pathological symptoms were more prominent in carp at the Government fish farm (GFF) than in those at the Private fish farm (PFF). Marked pathological changes were limited to the gills and skin of C. mrigala at the GFF in December 1994. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy, with presence of numerous inflammatory cells and an accumulation of blood cells, were observed at the base of secondary gill lamellae of C. mrigala at the GFF. Myxosporidian cysts, identified as Myxobolus spp. and full of mature spores, were attached to the secondary gill lamellae. A significantly increased number of cysts were recognizedin the gills of C. mrigala at the GFF compared to those of L. rohita at the PFF. The skin of C. mrigala at the GFF exhibited an increased number of pathological changes. Epidermis and dermis sloughed off, the dermal layer split into a few parts, and Myxosporidian cysts full of mature spores appeared in the skin of C. mrigala. At the PFF, the skin of L. rohita was less infected than C. mrigala. Apparently healthy fish fry was found to be free from cysts. No significant differences of water quality parameters were recorded at either fish farm. Carp at the PFF were less infected than those at the GFF, probably due to its better management practices.Patohistološka istraživanja škrga i kože mladih šarana invadiranih mikrosporidijima uzgajanih u dva ribnjaka na području Mymensingha u Bangladešu provedena su u razdoblju od rujna 1994. do prosinca 1994. Ukupno je bilo pretraženo 140 šarana (70 vrste Labeo rohita i 70 vrste Cirrhina mrigala) veličine od 4 do 12 cm. Uzorci su uzeti svakih 15 dana. Patološki su znakovi bili učestaliji u šarana podrijetlom iz državnih ribnjaka u odnosu na one iz privatnih ribnjaka. Najveće su promjene utvrđene u vrste C. mrigala. Hiperplazija i hipertrofija te veliki broj upalnih stanica utvrđen je na bazi sekundarne škržne lamele u iste vrste šarana. Ciste s potpuno zrelim sporama identificirane su kao Myxobolus sp. Iste su ciste češće pronađene na škrgama šarana podrijetlom iz državnih ribnjaka. U šarana podrijetlom iz državnih farmi učestalije su utvrđene promjene i na koži, i to u epidermisu i dermisu. Ciste nisu utvrđene u mlađi. Tijekom istraživanja nisu utvrđene nikakve razlike u kakvoći vode. Na osnovi nalaza može se smatrati da je manja invadiranost šarana podrijetlom iz privatnih ribnjaka uvjetovana boljom tehnologijom

Decision analysis for Bangladesh coastal afforestation

grantor: University of TorontoBangladesh is known as a country of natural disasters. Disasters have become a regular phenomenon and have caused suffering to millions of people for many decades. The coastal areas frequently experience cyclones and water surges. The importance of sustainable, forest management in relation to Bangladesh is discussed. The role of coastal afforestation in protecting the country from natural hazards like floods is emphasised. Equations for the estimation of flooded area in terms of the altitude of the area, the wind speed, the maximum surge height and width of the forest of that area. Models that relate flooded area to wind speed, sea level and maximum surge height were developed for dams, and protective forests. It was observed that a coastal afforestation program could significantly reduce the flooded area by creating a drag force But this will depend on the width of the forest, the number of stems per unit area and the size of the trees. Effect of branches or the roughness of the land were not considered. Finally, a decision analysis was carried out for coastal afforestation in Bangladesh. The analysis based the information available suggested that the government should support coastal afforestation. In addition to protecting against natural calamities like surges, coastal afforestation has the potential to improve the socio-economic condition of the people, especially the coastal people. It was recommended that the Government of Bangladesh should proceed with both coastal afforestation and dams. If there is budget constraint then the government should proceed with coastal afforestation alone.M.Sc

Impact of Microcredit Program on Women's Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh

Background – This study is an attempt to explore the relationship between microcredit and the socio-economic empowerment of women in rural Bangladesh. Microcredit is simply the extension of a small amount of collateral-free institutional loans to jointly liable poor group members to generate employment and income enhancing activities. As it is too difficult for poor members to get loan from the formal credit institutions, Grameen Bank (GB) or other Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) provide small loans to vulnerable groups of the society by which they are expected to empower over his counterparts. Research questions – RQ1: How does micro-credit affect different indicators of women empowerment in the rural areas of Bangladesh? RQ2– Is the impact different from the male counterparts in the sample households? Purpose – This study is an effort to find the impact of microcredit on a number of indicators of women’s empowerment in the rural areas in Bangladesh. Methodology – Quantitative Regression Techniques such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Instrumental Variable (IV) method have been applied to get the relationship between microcredit and women empowerment. Conclusion – Applying nationally representative cross-section survey data, Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) 2015, this thesis is intended to find the causal linkage between microcredit and women empowerment’s with different dimensions of women’s decisions are taken as empowerment indicators: production, resources, income, leadership, savings and time. The analysis has been conducted at the household level. The study assumes that women empowerment is endogenous. After controlling for endogeneity in the estimation by using an instrumental variable (IV) ‘distance to the market’ this study finds a significant relationship between microcredit and different dimensions of women’s empowerment. Participation in the microcredit program is found to be significant in explaining some of the outcome indicators of empowerment for the sampled households

Investigation on changing pattern of health status of juvenile Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from farming systems in Bangladesh

An experiment was carried out to investigate the health status of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix among three different fish farms at Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Fish sampling and water quality parameters were collected on a monthly basis. Samples of skin, muscle, gills, liver and kidney were examined through histological technique. Results from water quality parameters suggested that water temperature had a distinct effect on fish health of H. molitrix, which was mostly evident during the colder months. Infectious symptoms were usually evident in July to October and the severity of pathology was increased in November and December. These were evident from their clinical signs that include scale loss, haemorrhagic lesion, and reddish spots or from their histopathological symptoms such as necrosis, pyknosis, inflammation, haemorrhage, hypertrophy, missing of gill lamellae, vacuums, tubular and pillar cells degeneration, inflammation, clubbing, and suspected bacterial colonies. Results suggest that the health condition of the fishes from BAU fish farm was the best over the other two farms, whereas Government fish farm followed by NGO fish farm were severely affected with EUS, protozoan and bacterial infection. Moreover, internal organs like liver and kidney were more affected than skin, muscle and gills

Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

A simple, fast and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been successfully developed and validated for simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone analogs namely levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in both pure form (as API) and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was validated according to the guidelines of ICH, FDA and USP with respect to accuracy, precision and linearity. For method development a C-18 bonded silica column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μ, Phenomenex, Inc) was used with a mobile phase comprising of 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid and acetonitrile in a ratio of 80:20 v/v. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 300 nm and the retention times were found to be at 7.0±0.1 min and 10.59±0.1 min for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. The recovery was found to be more than 99% for each spiked samples of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, demonstrating the accuracy of the protocol. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the new method were less than the maximum allowable limit (RSD% £ 2.0) according to FDA. The method showed linear response with correlation coefficient value of 0.9975 in both the cases. Therefore, the developed method was found to be simpler, accurate, reproducible, efficient and less time consuming and can be successfully applied for the simultaneous assay of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin formulations.HPLC, method development, validation, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

A simple, fast and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been successfully developed and validated for simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone analogs namely levofloxacin and moxifloxacin in both pure form (as API) and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method was validated according to the guidelines of ICH, FDA and USP with respect to accuracy, precision and linearity. For method development a C-18 bonded silica column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μ, Phenomenex, Inc) was used with a mobile phase comprising of 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid and acetonitrile in a ratio of 80:20 v/v. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and effluents were monitored at 300 nm and the retention times were found to be at 7.0±0.1 min and 10.59±0.1 min for levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. The recovery was found to be more than 99% for each spiked samples of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, demonstrating the accuracy of the protocol. Intra-day and inter-day precisions of the new method were less than the maximum allowable limit (RSD% £ 2.0) according to FDA. The method showed linear response with correlation coefficient value of 0.9975 in both the cases. Therefore, the developed method was found to be simpler, accurate, reproducible, efficient and less time consuming and can be successfully applied for the simultaneous assay of levofloxacin and moxifloxacin formulations.HPLC, method development, validation, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin

Antibacterial, cytotoxic, analgesic and diuretic activities of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Rhizophora mucronata</i> Lam. bark

229-232<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Rhizophora mucronata Lam., locally known as ‘Garjon or Jhanna’ in Bangladesh is a mangrove plant of Rhizophoraceae family. Different parts of this plant have got applications in folk medicine from the ancient time. In the present study, attempts have been made for a detailed phytochemical study of the bark of the plant for antibacterial, cytoxic, analgesic and diuretic activites. Disc diffusion method was used for the screening of antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity study was performed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Acetic acid induced writhing method was employed to assess the analgesic potentiality of the extract. Diuretic property of the bark extract was studied by Lipschitz method. The ethanolic extract of the barks of R. mucronata Lam. showed moderate antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Marked inhibitory effects were found with Escherichia coli and Staphylococus epidermidis at a concentration of 500 µg/disc. The extract showed very high level of general toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay having an LC50 value of 0.5 µg/mL. The extract of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">R. mucronata Lam. bark at concentrations of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg exhibited significant (P<0.01) inhibition of writhing reflex by 36.96% and 50%, respectively while the standard diclofenac inhibition was found to be 65.21% at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. The extract also showed very high response to diuresis in a dose-dependent manner

The use of fermented soybean meal and squid by-product blend as a substitute for fish meal in practical diets for climbing perch, Anabas testudienus (Bloch, 1792), pond culture: Growth performance and economics analysis

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different ratios of fish meal (FM) to a fermented blend (FB: fermented soybean meal and squid by-product blend) on growth and economic performance of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792), in earthen ponds. Five diets were prepared where FB was substituted for 0 (D1), 25 (D2), 50 (D3), 75 (D4), or 100% FM protein (D5), while a commercial diet (D6) was used for comparison. Triplicate groups of fish (1.03 ± 0.07 g) were fed twice daily up to satiation for 70 days in earthen ponds. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were found in growth performance of fish fed D1, D2, D3, and D6 diets, while fish growth decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in D4 and D5 groups. Feed intake decreased (P < 0.05) with the increasing levels of FB with no significant difference in the feed conversion ratio, which ranged from 1.98 to 2.08. The fish survival decreased significantly in D5 alone. While considering the overall production, the total yield and economic return were found to be highest in D2 (64176.7 TK ha−1) and lowest in D5 (14418.3 Tk. ha−1). Based on the present experimental condition, it is concluded that FB can economically be included in aquafeed as a substitute for up to 50% of FM protein from the diets of climbing perch. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis