War, Socialism, and the Rise of Fascism: an Empirical Exploration

The recent ascent of right-wing populist movements in several countries has rekindled interest in understanding the causes of the rise of fascism in the interwar years. In this article, we argue that there was a strong link between the surge of support for the Socialist Party after World War I and the subsequent emergence of fascism in Italy. We first develop a source of variation in socialist support across Italian municipalities in the 1919 election based on war casualties from the area. We show that these casualties are unrelated to a battery of political, economic, and social variables before the war and had a major effect on socialist support (partly because the socialists were the main antiwar political movement). Our main result is that this boost to socialist support (that is “exogenous” to the prior political leaning of the municipality) led to greater local fascist activity as measured by local party branches and fascist political violence, and to significantly larger vote share of the Fascist Party in the 1921 and 1924 elections. We provide evidence that landowner associations and greater presence of local elites played an important role in the rise of fascism. Finally, we find greater likelihood of Jewish deportations in 1943–45 and lower vote share for Christian Democrats after World War II in areas with greater early fascist activity

Circulating myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Box plots show the 10th, 25th, 50th(median), 75th and 90th percentile and outlying values. Gray box plots represent the number of circulating mDCs (upper panel) and pDCs (lower panel) in 13 H1N1-infected patients at baseline (week 0) and during follow-up (week 1, 4 and 16). White box plots indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Asterisks indicate significant decrease of mDC and pDC (p<0,05 versus controls).</p

CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation markers in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Box plots show the 10^th, 25^th, 50^th (median), 75^th and 90^th percentile and outlying values. Gray box plots represent the percentage of CD4+ T cells (upper panel) and CD8+ T cells (lower panel) that express activation markers CD38/HLA-DR in 13 H1N1-infected patients at baseline (week 0) and during follow-up (week 1, 4, and 16). White box plots indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Asterisks indicate a significant increase in percentage of double positive DR+/CD38+ in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (p<0,05 versus controls).</p

Blood monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell count in 13 patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza and 13 healthy controls.

<p>Results are expressed in median (range).</p><p>Asterisks indicate significant decrease (p<0.05 versus controls).</p

Plasma levels of chemokines and cytokines in pandemic H1N1-infected patients and controls.

<p>Dot plot represent circulating levels of chemokines CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, CCL5/RANTES (upper panel) and cytokines TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17 (lower panel) in 13 H1N1-infected patients at the time of hospitalization. Black circles indicate 13 sex and aged-matched healthy controls. Only the levels of IP-10 and RANTES were significantly higher in patients in comparison with the control group (p<0.01 for both).</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 13 patients affected by pandemic H1N1 influenza.

<p>BMI: body mass index; Sat: saturation; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Kekayaan hutan Asia: makanan, rempah-rempah, kerajinan tangan, dan resin

This book contains 20 case studies that explain how a selection of forest resources featuring forest plans, animals and fungi are harvested, processed and traded. The botanical cases are presented according to the main part of the plant being used - the fruit, bark or resin. Sometimes the plants have multiple uses, or different cultures may use the same part of a particular plant in different ways. Animals and animal products that require forest habitat are also critical for rural livelihoods, and are represented in this volume by edible bird's nests and insect larvae. In each case, the book describes the main characteristics of the forest product, its historical usage, harvesting and management, and how it is processed and traded. In closing, each author comments briefly on trends and current issues regarding the resource. The final chapter reviews common themes and lessons that can be drawn from these cases

PIK3CA testing in hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: real-world data from Italianmolecular pathology laboratories

suppl figure</p

Additional file 3: of The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages

Supplementary Text. (DOCX 73 kb