The decline of public broadcasting in France?

European public broadcasting has been suffering in the last few years from a decreasing budget, a reduction of quality programming and a loss of TV ratings. One may then wonder if, in France, we are not contributing in the same way to the decline of public broadcasting, especially since the audio-visual reform in 2009. The first part of my work carries out an analysis of concept definitions and public broadcasting in Europe which will lead us to then analyse the situation in France. The second part is devot ed to the analysis of television in France, especially after audio-visual reform that could precipitate the decline of public service channels

Médiation télévisuelle et représentation de la diversité

Le cahier des charges de France Télévisions comporte des obligations sur la représentation de la diversité. Elle se doit de considérer cette diversité dans son ensemble avec ses différences et ses particularités culturelles, linguistiques et religieuses. Qu'en est-il plus précisément de la représentation des « minorités visibles » sur les chaînes de la télévision publique en France ? \ud \ud Cet ouvrage analyse le concept de médiation, de service public, de « minorité visible » et pose la question du lien entre médiation télévisuelle et représentation des minorités. Il présente aussi les résultats d'une analyse comparative qui a été menée sur des études et des rapports institutionnels ayant traité cette question

Les chaînes publiques et privées en Europe après la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le projet de mettre en œuvre une action culturelle européenne grandit afin de bâtir l’Europe sur des consolidations solides. Une littérature conséquente en Sciences de l’information et de la communication, en Histoire, en Sociologie a rendu compte des évolutions des télévisions euro­péennes. Nous nous sommes appuyé sur certains des ces travaux pour mener une étude comparative entre quelques pays et analyser les résultats qui traduisent les tendances politiques alors en œuvre dans la mise en place des chaînes publiques et privées. Ces résultats permettent ensuite de mieux évaluer la place occupée par la France dans la politique de service public/privé qu’elle choisit de mener.After the Second World War, the project to implement a European cultural activity grows in order to build Europe on solid bases. A consequent literature deals with the evolutions of European televisions. This article compares some European countries to analyze the results which then translate the political tendencies into work for public and private channels

Populations diasporiques et technologie de l’information et de la communication. Synthèse méthodologique et perspectives de recherche ip. 151-162

Cet article analyse le lien établi entre les populations diasporiques et les TIC. Il vise trois objectifs : a) relever des recherches caractéristiques effectuées sur le sujet en empruntant des méthodologies différentes b) rendre compte de la diversité des traitements c) identifier des perspectives de recherche dessinées par ces travaux. Cet article présente le premier volet d’une recherche qui comprend deux étapes. La première concerne une analyse des choix méthodologiques empruntés pour traiter le lien entre diaspora et TIC (soit le présent article). La seconde se base sur une étude empirique, orientée par l’approche méthodologique présentée ici

Instances audiovisuelles françaises et programmation : la place des études sur la représentation des minorités ethniques à la télévision

Associer « représentation de la diversité ethnique » et « télévision » dans une juste mesure ne relève-t-il pas d’une impossibilité? Pour répondre à cette question, nous considérons d’abord les fondements scientifiques, souvent venus de l’étranger, qui ont déterminé la prise en compte d’objets « hors normes », différents de ceux habituellement traités en sciences sociales. En France, ces recherches restent majoritairement limitées au domaine universitaire et scientifique. Il faut attendre l’année 2000 puis l’année 2008 pour consulter les deux études menées par des chercheurs et destinées à des instances audiovisuelles. Quelles répercussions ces démarches et résultats scientifiques ont-ils concrètement sur la politique télévisuelle? Nous nous appuyons sur deux rapports rédigés par les instances audiovisuelles françaises pour évaluer dans quelles mesures ces intentions modifient effectivement le paysage audiovisuel

Print media and 'diss-identity' football

ConIFA, independent football confederation, brings together teams from "minority" regions or states that are neither recognized by the international community nor by F.I.F.A. We analyze why the majority of the media is so discreet about it and how ConIFA manages its media portrayal to become more part of the public space. We worked on the Europresse database, which provided the titles of European newspapers from 2006 to 2016, from the birth of ConIFA to the latest Football World Cup in date

All-cause mortality in treated HIV-infected adults with CD4 ≥500/mm3 compared with the general population: evidence from a large European observational cohort collaboration

Background Using data from a large European collaborative study, we aimed to identify the circumstances in which treated HIV-infected individuals will experience similar mortality rates to those of the general population. Methods Adults were eligible if they initiated combination anti-retroviral treatment (cART) between 1998 and 2008 and had one prior CD4 measurement within 6 months. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and excess mortality rates compared with the general population were estimated using Poisson regression. Periods of follow-up were classified according to the current CD4 count. Results Of the 80 642 individuals, 70% were men, 16% were injecting drug users (IDUs), the median age was 37 years, median CD4 count 225/mm3 at cART initiation and median follow-up was 3.5 years. The overall mortality rate was 1.2/100 person-years (PY) (men: 1.3, women: 0.9), 4.2 times as high as that in the general population (SMR for men: 3.8, for women: 7.4). Among 35 316 individuals with a CD4 count ≥500/mm3, the mortality rate was 0.37/100 PY (SMR 1.5); mortality rates were similar to those of the general population in non-IDU men [SMR 0.9, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.7-1.3] and, after 3 years, in women (SMR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.7). Mortality rates in IDUs remained elevated, though a trend to decrease with longer durations with high CD4 count was seen. A prior AIDS diagnosis was associated with higher mortality. Conclusions Mortality patterns in most non-IDU HIV-infected individuals with high CD4 counts on cART are similar to those in the general population. The persistent role of a prior AIDS diagnosis underlines the importance of early diagnosis of HIV infectio

Perinatal acquisition of drug-resistant HIV-1 infection: mechanisms and long-term outcome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Primary-HIV-1-infection in newborns that occurs under antiretroviral prophylaxis that is a high risk of drug-resistance acquisition. We examine the frequency and the mechanisms of resistance acquisition at the time of infection in newborns.</p> <p>Patients and Methods</p> <p>We studied HIV-1-infected infants born between 01 January 1997 and 31 December 2004 and enrolled in the ANRS-EPF cohort. HIV-1-RNA and HIV-1-DNA samples obtained perinatally from the newborn and mother were subjected to population-based and clonal analyses of drug resistance. If positive, serial samples were obtained from the child for resistance testing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ninety-two HIV-1-infected infants were born during the study period. Samples were obtained from 32 mother-child pairs and from another 28 newborns. Drug resistance was detected in 12 newborns (20%): drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was seen in 10 cases, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in two cases, and protease inhibitors in one case. For 9 children, the detection of the same resistance mutations in mothers' samples (6 among 10 available) and in newborn lymphocytes (6/8) suggests that the newborn was initially infected by a drug-resistant strain. Resistance variants were either transmitted from mother-to-child or selected during subsequent temporal exposure under suboptimal perinatal prophylaxis. Follow-up studies of the infants showed that the resistance pattern remained stable over time, regardless of antiretroviral therapy, suggesting the early cellular archiving of resistant viruses. The absence of resistance in the mother of the other three children (3/10) and neonatal lymphocytes (2/8) suggests that the newborns were infected by a wild-type strain without long-term persistence of resistance when suboptimal prophylaxis was stopped.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study confirms the importance of early resistance genotyping of HIV-1-infected newborns. In most cases (75%), drug resistance was archived in the cellular reservoir and persisted during infancy, with or without antiretroviral treatment. This finding stresses the need for effective antiretroviral treatment of pregnant women.</p

Impact of CD4 and CD8 dynamics and viral rebounds on loss of virological control in HIV controllers

Objective: HIV controllers (HICs) spontaneously maintain HIV viral replication at low level without antiretroviral therapy (ART), a small number of whom will eventually lose this ability to control HIV viremia. The objective was to identify factors associated with loss of virological control. Methods: HICs were identified in COHERE on the basis of \ue2\u89\ua55 consecutive viral loads (VL) \ue2\u89\ua4500 copies/mL over \ue2\u89\ua51 year whilst ART-naive, with the last VL \ue2\u89\ua4500 copies/mL measured \ue2\u89\ua55 years after HIV diagnosis. Loss of virological control was defined as 2 consecutive VL &gt;2000 copies/mL. Duration of HIV control was described using cumulative incidence method, considering loss of virological control, ART initiation and death during virological control as competing outcomes. Factors associated with loss of virological control were identified using Cox models. CD4 and CD8 dynamics were described using mixed-effect linear models. Results: We identified 1067 HICs; 86 lost virological control, 293 initiated ART, and 13 died during virological control. Six years after confirmation of HIC status, the probability of losing virological control, initiating ART and dying were 13%, 37%, and 2%. Current lower CD4/CD8 ratio and a history of transient viral rebounds were associated with an increased risk of losing virological control. CD4 declined and CD8 increased before loss of virological control, and before viral rebounds. Discussion: Expansion of CD8 and decline of CD4 during HIV control may result from repeated low-level viremia. Our findings suggest that in addition to superinfection, other mechanisms, such as low grade viral replication, can lead to loss of virological control in HICs