An integrated water balance model for assessing water scarcity in a data-sparse interfluve in Eastern India

The objective of this study is to measure the balance of water demand versus water resource availability in an interfluve of West Bengal, India to support water resource planning, particularly of inter-basin transfers. Surface water availability was modelled using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model, whilst groundwater availability was modelled based on water level fluctuations and the rainfall infiltration method. Water use was modelled separately for the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors using a predominantly normative approach and water use to availability ratios calculated for different administrative areas within the interfluve. Overall, the approach suggested that the interfluve receives 327×106m3year?1 of excess water after satisfying these sectoral demands, but that the eastern part of the study area is in deficit. However, a sensitivity analysis carried on the approach to several assumptions in the model suggested changed circumstances would produce surplus/deficit ranging from -215×106m3year?1 to 435 ×106m3year?1 . The approach could have potential for localised water balance modelling in other Indian catchment

Unusual Ground State Properties of the Kondo-Lattice Compound Yb2Ir3Ge5

We report sample preparation, structure, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity studies of a new compound Yb$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$. We find that this compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure with a space group PMMN unlike the compound Ce$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ which crystallizes in the tetragonal IBAM (U$_2$Co$_3$Si$_5$ type) structure. Our resistivity measurements indicate that the compound Yb$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ behaves like a typical Kondo lattice system with no ordering down to 0.4 K. However, a Curie-Weiss fit of the inverse magnetic susceptibility above 100 K gives an effective moment of only 3.66 $\mu$$_B$ which is considerably less than the theoretical value of 4.54 $\mu$$_B$ for magnetic Yb$^3+$ ions. The value of $\theta_{P}$ = -15.19 K is also considerably higher indicating the presence of strong hybridization. An upturn in the low temperature heat capacity gives an indication that the system may order magnetically just below the lowest temperature of our heat capacity measurements (0.4 K). The structure contains two sites for Yb ions and the present investigation suggests that Yb may be trivalent in one site while it may be significantly lower (close to divalent) in the other.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. submitted to Phys. Rev.

Partisan Views of the Economy

In this paper it is argued that political parties may have incentives to adopt a partisan view on the working of the economic system. Our approach is based on a dynamical spatial voting model in which political parties are policy oriented. This model revolves around two interrelated issues x and y. The policy maker sets x directly. There exist two views on the relationship between x and y. Model uncertainty confronts policy makers with the problem of the selection of a model to base their actions on. We show that if voters have imperfect information about the working of the economic system that model selection contains a strategic element. Policy makers are inclined to adopt a view on the working of the economic system which fits in with their preferences. There is no inherent logic that places monetarists to the right of New Economists. They have different models of economic mechanism, but they need not have different political values. A conservative can be a Keynesian and a liberal a monetarist. These combinations are in fact surprisingly rare. James Tobin, 1974,The New Economics One Decade Older, p. 62. I am greatly indebted to Peter Broer, Ben Heydra, Jos Jansen and Wilko Letterie for many helpful suggestions. Furthermore, I would like to thank an anonymous referee for his comments

Sedimentation record in the Konkan-Kerala Basin: implications for the evolution of the Western Ghats and the Western Indian passive margin

The Konkan and Kerala Basins constitute a major depocentre for sediment from the onshore hinterland of Western India and as such provide a valuable record of the timing and magnitude of Cenozoic denudation along the continental margin. This paper presents an analysis of sedimentation in the Konkan-Kerala Basin, coupledwith a mass balance study, and numerical modelling of flexural responses to onshore denudational unloading and o¡shore sediment loading in order to test competing conceptual models for the development of high-elevation passive margins. The Konkan-Kerala Basin contains an estimated 109,000 km<sup>3</sup>; of Cenozoic clastic sediment, a volume difficult to reconcile with the denudation of a downwarped rift flank onshore, and more consistent with denudation of an elevated rift flank. We infer from modelling of the isostatic response of the lithosphere to sediment loading offshore and denudation onshore that flexure is an important component in the development of the Western Indian Margin.There is evidence for two major pulses in sedimentation: an early phase in the Palaeocene, and a second beginning in the Pliocene. The Palaeocene increase in sedimentation can be interpreted in terms of a denudational response to the rifting between India and the Seychelles, whereas the mechanism responsible for the Pliocene pulse is more enigmatic

Magnetic Ordering and Superconductivity in the RE2_2Ir3_3Ge5_5 (RE = Y, La-Tm, Lu) System

We find that the compounds for RE = Y, La-Dy, crystallize in the tetragonal Ibam (U$_2$Co$_3$Si$_5$ type) structure whereas the compounds for RE = Er-Lu, crystallize in a new orthorhombic structure with a space group Pmmn. Samples of Ho$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ were always found to be multiphase. The compounds for RE = Y to Dy which adopt the Ibam type structure show a metallic resistivity whereas the compounds with RE = Er, Tm and Lu show an anomalous behavior in the resistivity with a semiconducting increase in $\rho$ as we go down in temperature from 300K. Interestingly we had earlier found a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity for the Yb sample in the same temperature range. We will compare this behavior with similar observations in the compounds RE$_3$Ru$_4$Ge$_{13}$ and REBiPt. La$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ and Y$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ show bulk superconductivity below 1.8K and 2.5K respectively. Our results confirm that Ce$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ shows a Kondo lattice behavior and undergoes antiferromagnetic ordering below 8.5K. Most of the other compounds containing magnetic rare-earth elements undergo a single antiferromagnetic transition at low temperatures (T$\leq$12K) while Gd$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$, Dy$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ and Nd$_2$Ir$_3$Ge$_5$ show multiple transitions. The T$_N$'s for most of the compounds roughly scale with the de Gennes factor. which suggests that the chief mechanism of interaction leading to the magnetic ordering of the magnetic moments may be the RKKY interaction.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figure

Weak Localization Effect in Superconductors by Radiation Damage

Large reductions of the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$ and the accompanying loss of the thermal electrical resistivity (electron-phonon interaction) due to radiation damage have been observed for several A15 compounds, Chevrel phase and Ternary superconductors, and $\rm{NbSe_{2}}$ in the high fluence regime. We examine these behaviors based on the recent theory of weak localization effect in superconductors. We find a good fitting to the experimental data. In particular, weak localization correction to the phonon-mediated interaction is derived from the density correlation function. It is shown that weak localization has a strong influence on both the phonon-mediated interaction and the electron-phonon interaction, which leads to the universal correlation of $T_{c}$ and resistance ratio.Comment: 16 pages plus 3 figures, revtex, 76 references, For more information, Plesse see http://www.fen.bilkent.edu.tr/~yjki

Warm stellar matter with deconfinement: application to compact stars

We investigate the properties of mixed stars formed by hadronic and quark matter in $\beta$-equilibrium described by appropriate equations of state (EOS) in the framework of relativistic mean-field theory. We use the non- linear Walecka model for the hadron matter and the MIT Bag and the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models for the quark matter. The phase transition to a deconfined quark phase is investigated. In particular, we study the dependence of the onset of a mixed phase and a pure quark phase on the hyperon couplings, quark model and properties of the hadronic model. We calculate the strangeness fraction with baryonic density for the different EOS. With the NJL model the strangeness content in the mixed phase decreases. The calculations were performed for T=0 and for finite temperatures in order to describe neutron and proto-neutron stars. The star properties are discussed. Both the Bag model and the NJL model predict a mixed phase in the interior of the star. Maximum allowed masses for proto-neutron stars are larger for the NJL model ($\sim 1.9$ M$_{\bigodot}$) than for the Bag model ($\sim 1.6$ M$_{\bigodot}$).Comment: RevTeX,14 figures, accepted to publication in Physical Review

Understanding microwave induced sorting of porphyry copper ores

Global demand for minerals and metals is increasing. It has been established that the impact of mining and mineral processing operations must be reduced to sustainably meet the demands of a low grade future. Successful incorporation of ore sorting in flow sheets has the potential to improve energy efficiency by rejecting non-economic material before grinding. Microwave heating combined with infra-red temperature measurement has been shown to distinguish low and high grade ore fragments from each other. In this work, experimentally validated 2-D finite difference models of a theoretical two phase ore, representing typical fragment textures and grades, are constructed. Microwave heating is applied at economically viable energy inputs and the resultant surface thermal profiles analysed up to 2 minutes after microwave heating. It is shown that the size and location of grains can dramatically alter surface temperature rise at short thermal measurement delay times and that the range of temperatures increases with increasing fragment grade. For the first time, it is suggested that increasing the delay time between microwave heating and thermal measurement can reduce the variation seen for fragments of the same grade but different textures, improving overall differentiation between high and low grade fragments

Entanglement and Density Matrix of a Block of Spins in AKLT Model

We study a 1-dimensional AKLT spin chain, consisting of spins $S$ in the bulk and $S/2$ at both ends. The unique ground state of this AKLT model is described by the Valence-Bond-Solid (VBS) state. We investigate the density matrix of a contiguous block of bulk spins in this ground state. It is shown that the density matrix is a projector onto a subspace of dimension $(S+1)^{2}$. This subspace is described by non-zero eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the density matrix. We prove that for large block the von Neumann entropy coincides with Renyi entropy and is equal to $\ln(S+1)^{2}$.Comment: Revised version, typos corrected, references added, 31 page

Environment-induced Spectral Behaviour of Acridine Orange Dye

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