Fourth Amendment Accommodations: (UN)Compelling Public Needs, Balancing Acts, and the Fiction of Consent

The problems of public housing-including crime, drugs, and gun violence- have received an enormous amount of national attention. Much attention has also focused on warrantless searches and consent searches as solutions to these problems. This Note addresses the constitutionality of these proposals and asserts that if the Supreme Court\u27s current Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is taken to its logical extremes, warrantless searches in public housing can be found constitutional. The author argues, however, that such an interpretation fails to strike the proper balance between public need and privacy in the public housing context. The Note concludes by proposing alternative consent-based regimes that would pass constitutional muster

Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) brachiopods from the Eastern Alborz Mountains, Iran

Six linguliform and two rhynchonelliform brachiopods, including three new species Eurytreta ahmadii, Wahwahlingula kharbashi and Nanorthis bastamensis are described from Tremadocian strata (Paltodus deltifer deltifer conodont Biozone) in the Deh-Molla area southwest of Shahrud, Northern Iran. The fauna is dominated by micromorphic lingulides and acrotretides and shows distinct similarity to the contemporaneous micromorphic brachiopod association from Tremadocian chalcedonites of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. New data on the early ontogeny of the enigmatic lingulide Diencobolus show a very distinct pattern, including the presence of a metamorphic protegulum ornamented with flat-based pits and a single pair of larval setal bundles, which links this taxon to Paterula and suggests close phylogenetic relationships of both taxa to the Discinoidea

Treatment of liver and spleen illnesses by herbs: Recommendations of Avicenna’s heritage "Canon of Medicine"

Objective: Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Hossein ibn Abdullah ibn Sina) who had a special attention toward diseases treatments, gathered results of ages of herbal medicine experiments on humans and animals in his book “Al-Qānūn fī Ṭibb” or "The Canon of Medicine", which is a reliable book in Iranian traditional medicine. The aim of this research was to build a reliable list of plants effective against liver and spleen diseases, based on Avicenna's book (volume 2). Materials and Methods: By studying the monographs, introduced agents that have been effective in liver and spleen diseases were identified. Upon their origin and effectiveness in diseases of the liver, spleen or both, treatments were organized. Results: From a huge number of drugs, 163 plants from 73 families were found to be effective in treatment of liver and spleen illnesses. In addition, 30 non-herbal agents effective in treatment of liver diseases were detected. The Lamiaceae family have the most effective herbs for treatment of diseases of the liver, spleen or both. Hemp Agrimony, Irsā, and Fūdhanj achieved the highest scores. Conclusion: The effects of different plants on liver and spleen diseases were indicated in Avicenna's book. Due to the report on the above book, further studies needed specially on the effect of Irsā (Iris ensata) and family Lamiaceae on liver and spleen diseases

Climatic changes and astrochronology: an Ordovician perspective

Review of current progress in Mid to Late Ordovician astrochronological studies exposes some important issues related to cyclostratigraphical studies, including the completeness and correlation of successions, and the connection between inferred astronomical cycles and geological events recorded in the sedimentary record. While bulk, low-field, mass specific magnetic susceptibility methods are widely applied in studies of high resolution cyclostratigraphy, they require close support from sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, and should be linked back to outcrop patterns. Otherwise they risk distortion in the calibration against geological time, through lack of anchoring to well-defined biostratigraphical horizons and unrecognised condensed intervals and larger hiatuses. A significant limitation currently is that few high-resolution radio-isotope ages are linked to well-defined biostratigraphical boundaries. Nevertheless, fourth order sedimentary sequences linked to 405 kyr orbital eccentricity cycles, and longer orbital cyclicity impressed in third-order sequences, represent good grounds for development of a reliable astrochronological scale. The astrochronologically calibrated sequence-stratigraphical record documented from high latitude Gondwana shows significant impact from orbital forcing on the Mid to Late Ordovician global climate

Siphonotretoid brachiopods – a thorny problem

Siphonotretoids are presently placed within the subphylum Linguliformea and the class Lingulata, where they constitute a small, relatively short-lived superfamily and order, appearing near the end of the mid-Cambrian, with most forms becoming extinct near the end of the Late Ordovician, but with some rare forms ranging through the Silurian and even into the early Devonian. It has been noted previously that siphonotretides are very different from all other lingulates in shell structure, ontogeny and ornamentation, and may have diverged from other lingulates already during the early Cambrian. Findings of exceptionally preserved âsoft-shelledâ possible early stem-group setigerous representatives such as Acanthotretella in the Burgess Shale and the Chengjiang fauna have strengthened this view. Exceptionally preserved siphonotretides from Iran clearly show that they are provided with organic setal structures associated with spines, and similar setal structures are known from stem brachiopods, such as Micrina and Mickwitzia, as well as from some later true rhynchonelliforms. Evidence for preserved setal structures is now also recorded from the CambrianâOrdovician boundary beds in Wyoming. In the Ordovician, the spinous structures include complex branching forms, such as the widely distributed Alichovia, and Siphonotreta itself has clear evidence of branching spines. The branching spines probably also contained setal structures, and similar forked setae are known from living annelids

A comprehensive review on phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Agrimonia eupatoria is a perennial herb belonging to the Rosaceae family that all its parts are used to treat various diseases. In this article, we aimed to present a comprehensive review on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic effects of this plant. We searched various databases and summarized the data documented in literature from 1976 to 2020. Agrimonia eupatoria has effects on various kinds of cancer, oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B, and liver damage. It also has anti-adhesive, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. It induces nitric oxide and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Phytochemical studies related to this plant has led to isolation and identification of tannins, coumarins, and flavonoids as the most active chemicals with biological effects. Based on this comprehensive review about Agrimonia eupatoria, there will be more opportunities for investigators to search and discover ways to use bioactive agents of this herb to develop new Agrimony based medicines

A comprehensive review on phytochemical, pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Agrimonia eupatoria L.

Agrimonia eupatoria is a perennial herb belonging to the Rosaceae family that all its parts are used to treat various diseases. In this article, we aimed to present a comprehensive review on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic effects of this plant. We searched various databases and summarized the data documented in literature from 1976 to 2020. Agrimonia eupatoria has effects on various kinds of cancer, oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B, and liver damage. It also has anti-adhesive, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. It induces nitric oxide and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Phytochemical studies related to this plant has led to isolation and identification of tannins, coumarins, and flavonoids as the most active chemicals with biological effects. Based on this comprehensive review about Agrimonia eupatoria, there will be more opportunities for investigators to search and discover ways to use bioactive agents of this herb to develop new Agrimony based medicines

Ordovician of North Iran: New lithostratigraphy, palaeogeography and biogeographical links with South China and the Mediterranean peri-Gondwana margin

The Ordovician litho- and biostratigraphic framework of Alborz, Kopet-Dagh and the East-Central Iranian blocks is outlined and significantly updated, and a broad summary of the current state of knowledge of the Ordovician deposits and faunas across Iran is documented. Four tectono-stratigraphical units (including the Alestan, Damghan, Saluk and Talesh domains) are distinguished in northern Iran. They differ considerably from one another in their lithology, facies, fossil record and completeness of their sedimentary record. A comprehensive revision of the Ordovician stratigraphy in the eastern Alborz and the Kopet-Dagh regions leads to the definition of the (i) Simeh-Kuh Formation (new), (ii) the Qumes Formation (new) and its subdivision into the Gerd-Kuh (new) and Raziabad (new) members, (iii) the Lashkarak Formation and its subdivision into the Cheshmeh-Ali (new) and Hajiabad (new) members, (iv) the Abarsaj Formation (formalised) in the Alestan Domain, (v) the Qyzlar (new) and Pelmis formations in the Saluk Domain, and (vi) the Tatavrud Formation (new) in the Talesh Domain. The Ordovician strata of the eastern Alborz and Kopet-Dagh Mountains comprise a rifting volcanism emplaced within an active horst-and-graben palaeotopography. Despite the strong Ordovician biogeographical affinities with South China and, to a lesser extent, with Mediterranean peri- Gondwana, zircon populations analysed from Cambro-Ordovician sandstones in the area point to the Arabian-Nubian Shield of the western Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa as the principal continental sources. Consequently, an open oceanic communication between the Mediterranean and the northern (Alborz) margins of Gondwana and the southern margin of South China favoured the establishment of strong biogeographical affinities between these mid-latitude basins

The effects of concurrent treatment of silymarin and lactulose on memory changes in cirrhotic male rats

Introduction: Chronic liver disease frequently accompanied by hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in HE, make an easier entrance of ammonia among other substances to the brain, which leads to neurotransmitter disturbances. Lactulose (LAC), causes better defecation and makes ammonia outreach of blood. Silymarin (SM) is a known standard drug for liver illnesses. The purpose of this research was to determine the results of LAC and SM combined treatment, on the changes in memory of cirrhotic male rats. Methods: The cirrhotic model established by treatment with thioacetamide (TAA) for 18 weeks. Cirrhotic rats randomized to four groups (n = 7): TAA group (received drinking water), LAC group (2 g/kg/d LAC in drinking water), SM group (50 mg/kg/d SM by food), SM+ LAC group (similar combined doses of both compounds) for 8 weeks. The control group received drinking water. The behavior examined by wire hanging (WH), passive avoidance (PA), and open field (OF) tests. Results: Our findings showed that treatment with SM+LAC effectively increased PA latency, compared with the control group. The results showed that the administration of LAC and SM+LAC affected the number of lines crossed, the total distance moved and velocity in the OF tests. Conclusion: SM and LAC have anti-inflammatory effects that are memory changing. It may be due to their useful effects. These results indicated that SM+LAC restored memory disturbance and irritated mood in the cirrhotic rats. Comparable neuroprotection was never previously informed. Such outcomes are extremely promising and indicate the further study of SM+LAC

Stratigraphy 12 (2) Biostratigraphy of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds at Kopet-Dagh, Iran

ABSTRACT: A continuous succession comprising upper Cambrian (Furongian) to Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) conodont biozones is reported for the first time from the Kopet-Dagh Region of northeastern Iran. Seven biostratigraphical units are recognized, including the Proconodontus tenuiserratus and Proconodontus posterocostatus zones; these two lowermost biostratigraphical units are defined by euconodont species which have not been previously reported from Iran and temperate latitude peri-Gondwana. The conodont diversity and abundance decreased significantly above the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis Zone; the conodont faunas of the succeeding Cordylodus proavus, Cordylodus lindstromi (sensu lato) and Cordylodus angulatus zones are characterised by oligotaxic to monotaxic associations dominated by species of Cordylodus. In the absence of diagnostic conodont species, the position of the lower boundary of the Ordovician System in the Kalat Valley Section can be placed somewhat below the first occurrence of the early planktonic graptolite Rhabdinopora flabelliformis, which approximately coincides with the onset of black shale deposition