The international politics of famine relief operations in Ethiopia: A case study of the 1984-86 famine relief operations.

This thesis is a study of the international relief assistance to Ethiopia during the 1984-86 famine. It begins by examining the country's glorious past vis-a-vis its present international status. In Part One, the underlying causes of the famine are discussed to provide a background to the subsequent analysis of the international relief effort. Also discussed, is the role of the international media in alerting public opinion and successfully transforming the famine into an issue of international concern. In Part Two, the responses of the various actors are analysed: in particular the bilateral response of Ethiopia's political allies and her opponents; of the Western non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the role of the United Nations in coordinating the international relief effort at the multilateral level. Part Three (Chapter Eight), tests the theoretical assumptions outlined at the beginning of the thesis. With regard to the first, namely the relative importance of opponents and allies, the study concludes Ethiopia's political opponents were more responsive to her appeal for emergency relief than her allies. With regard to the second, namely the role of the NGOs the conclusion is that these organizations played the most important role in shaping the international response to the emergency. Chapter Nine summarizes our general conclusions

A study on the efficacy of extracts of Boerhavia diffusa L on bacterial isolates of finger tip infections (whitlow)

This research was conducted to determine the efficacy of crude extract of Boerhavia diffusa L (BHD L) on bacterial isolates of fingertip infection (Whitlow). Seventeen patients with whitlow were studied within 18 months and swabs of active fingertip infections were taken from the patients at Crossing-Kachia in Kaduna State for analysis at the microbiology laboratory of Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State Nigeria. Associated bacteria were isolated and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. The isolates were tested against extracts of BHD L and commercially available antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis was also conducted in order to determine the bioactive compounds in BHD L that may be responsible for its effectiveness in treatment. The results showed that more males (76.5%) were affected while the mean age of people affected was 28.6years. The predominant causative agent was Staphylococcus epidermidis (89.5%) while Staphylococcus epidermidis confirmed its resistance to commercial antibiotics, hence difficulty of treatment of whitlow with orthodox medicines. Similarly, extracts of BHD L had no antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thus, the efficacy of BHD L on the isolates of fingertip infections may be due to some other reasons yet unknown.Keywords - Antibacterial activity, Antibiotics, Efficacy, Photochemical, Whitlow

Novel synthesis of nanoparticles from cockle shells via mechanical method for Cytarabine drug release

The current mechanical method of modification resulted in producing nanoparticle powders used as the biologically active material. The given method was employed to improve the CCANPs properties making the particles proper in the field of medicine. This study was synthesis nanoparticles from cockle shall, and it analyses the phase purity of the mineral and physicochemical composition of Cockle Shall, and it also analyses the crystallographic structures of the powders. Cytarabine (Ara-C) drug is used to treat acute myeloid leukaemia, and this is due to it's very low biological half-life; it must frequently be used so as to treat leukaemia by attacking all the divided cells cancer and healthy cells. The process involves aims to protect Cytarabine from fast elimination and degradation that was caused by the encapsulation of drug in pharmaceutically promising carriers. The calcium carbonate aragonite nanoparticles (CCANPs) was formulated for improving the therapeutic efficacy by targeting the tumorous site dependent on pH. The Ara-C was loaded in CCANPs; it was found that Ara-C was relatively more stable at normal pH (7.4), and this resulted in decreasing the release of Ara-C, but the CCANPs was gradually dissociated in acidic pH (4.8) regimes which triggered the faster release of Ara-C. The CCANPs was characterised before and after the loaded Ara-C to determine the particle size and morphological properties using TEM, FESEM. The physiochemical features were detected using XRD, FTIR, Zeta potential, drug loaded and drug release. The findings of the proposed method to synthesise the nanoparticles improved the performance of CCANPs. The findings showed that the particles shape of CCANPs was spherical and ranged 20–50 nm without marking differences after loading the Ara-C. Moreover, FTIR results confirmed that there are no noticeable changes before and after the loading of Ara-C which refers to the encapsulation process which positively reflects on the Ara-C activity

Cockle shell-derived nano carrier for Ara-C in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia

Leukemia is a cancerous disease of bone marrow and blood in which acute form progresses more rapidly than the chronic form. The major therapeutic approaches of different cancer types are limited to conventional chemotherapy such as (Ara-C) which suffers less specific, high toxicity and short half-life, multidrug resistance and selectivity, narrow therapeutic index and significant increases in high dose distribution to healthy cells or tissues. Targeting anticancer drug delivery system has the potential to overcome these significant drawbacks by improving chemotherapy drug efficacy, specific tumor targeting, enhance accumulation in tumor tissues or cells and minimize the systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles as drug delivery system enable unique approaches to cancer treatment. Over the last two decades, a large number of nanoparticle delivery systems have been developed for cancer therapy including organic and inorganic materials. Cockle shells (Anadara granosa) are found to be a rich natural resource for calcium carbonate aragonite. In this study, the cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate aragonite nanoparticles (CCANPs) were used as a carrier for Cytarabine (Ara-C) as a unique approach for cancer treatment. Nanoparticles were spherical-shaped when CCANPs was synthesized using the combination of chemical and mechanical method. The morphology and compositions of the products were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and zeta potential. The anti-leukemia drug (Ara- C) was loaded into CCANPs. The spectrophotometer was used with a wavelength UVinvisible, to estimate the amount of loading and release profile of Ara-C. The results showed that the drugs (Ara-C) could be efficiently loaded into the CCANPs, and furthermore, the fast and sustained release of Ara-C was observed from the nanocarriers at pH 4.8 and slow release at pH 7.4, which shows pH-dependent properties. The nanoparticles were used as a carrier against HL-60 human leukemia cells (in vitro study) and for cancer therapy in a murine xenograft model (SCID mice) (in vivo study). The in vitro evaluation showed IC50 values upon 72 hours of treatment with pure Ara-C was 5μg/mL, and Ara-C loaded CCANPs was 2.5μg/mL. Apoptosis was demonstrated by Cell Counting Reagent (SF), Flow Cytometry (FCM), Methylene blue (MB) and Fluorescent Microscope (FM) where apparently cellular uptake of Ara-C/CCANPs through endocytosis indicating a dose and time-dependent response relationship. Morphological observations by SEM revealed microvilli disappearance, cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and the formation of apoptotic bodies, which confirmed both Ara-C and half dose of Ara- C/CCANPs induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. In brief, Ara-C loaded CCANPs are more effective than pure Ara-C to human leukemia (HL-60) cells. In vivo study revealed that CCANPs nanocarrier significantly enhances the effects of Ara-C on AML through blood smear, bone marrow smear and histopathological survey for vital organs (heart, liver, lung, spleen and kidney) for severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The pharmacokinetic study showing significant effect between pure Ara-C 50mg/kg group, 100mg/kg CCANPs loaded with 50mg/kg Ara-C and half dose of loaded drug (25/50 mg/kg), the rate of release of the drug in the plasma was slow in the two groups of the drug-loaded compared to the pure drug. The study revealed a new biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic to health and pH-sensitive, CCANPs with a feasible promising potential for targeted delivery carriers of antitumor drugs. The results established strong evidence that CCANPs has excellent properties that make it an ideal candidate for biological drug delivery systems

Degeneration studies of the fasciculi in N. ischiadicus in the dog

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industrie

The significance of camel production in Nigeria

No Abstract

Macro-anatomical investigations on the appendicular skeleton of the Barn owl (Tyto alba) found in Nigeria

No AbstractKeywords: Tyto alba, appendicular skeleton, foramina, domestication, Nigeri

Anatomical and histological study of the kidneys in golden eagles, racing pigeon and common bulbul

The present study was carried on Thirty apparently healthy birds (ten Golden Eagles, ten Racing pigeon and ten Common Bulbul ),a tool for determining the anatomy significant variations in the kidneys' histology Histological research (5-7)µm. paraffin section stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain were prepared .In both birds, the kidneys were, dorso-ventrally flattened, extended from the caudal end of the lungs to the synsacrum bone's end, as well as the kidneys' dorsal half were sink deep in the synsacrum fosse and divided into three incomplete parts. In adult racing pigeon, the kidney was red to red brown in color flattened retroperitoneal fragile organs embedded in ventral surface of synsacrum bone. It has three lobes (cranial, middle and caudal), the caudal lobe was the largest and wider than the other two lobes. In golden eagles, had paired kidneys. Each kidney was flattened and extra-peritoneal organs. Also each kidney in Common Bulbul consists of three lobes were cranial, middle and caudal. The cranial lobe was longer and broader than the other two lobes, whereas the caudal lobe was similar in shape but smaller in size than the middle lobe