The Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation

We explore the Tully-Fisher relation over five decades in stellar mass in galaxies with circular velocities ranging over 30 < Vc < 300 km/s. We find a clear break in the optical Tully-Fisher relation: field galaxies with Vc < 90 km/s fall below the relation defined by brighter galaxies. These faint galaxies are however very gas rich; adding in the gas mass and plotting baryonic disk mass Md = M* + Mg in place of luminosity restores a single linear relation. The Tully-Fisher relation thus appears fundamentally to be a relation between rotation velocity and total baryonic mass of the form Md = A Vc^4.Comment: 10 pages including 1 color figure. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

EXPERIENCIAS DE AGRICULTURA SUSTENTABLE Y COMERCIO JUSTO EN EL ESTADO DE JALISCO, OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO

En este artículo se describen las experiencias de diferentes grupos de productores en el estado de Jalisco y sus esfuerzos para desarrollar un modelo de desarrollo alternativo. Desde hace varios años, han trasformado sus sistemas de producción convencionales en sustentables, asimismo han buscado canales de comercialización diferentes. Los grupos tienen en común su participación en la Red de Alternativas Sustentables Agropecuarias —RASA—, donde también participan diferentes instituciones no gubernamentales y grupos de consumidores. Esta red se puede considerar como un nuevo movimiento social que busca desarrollar nuevos esquemas de desarrollo rural sustentable. Terminamos con una discusión y conclusión en relación con las posibilidades y desafíos de la Red para fortalecer la agricultura sustentable y el comercio justo. ABSTRACT This article describes the experiences of different groups of producers in the state of Jalisco and their efforts to develop an alternative development model. Beginning several years ago, they have transformed their conventional production systems into sustainable systems, and have also sought different commercialization channels. The groups have in common their participation in the Network of Sustainable Agricultural Alternatives (Red de Alternativas Sustentables Agropecuarias –RASA) in which different nongovernmental institutions and consumer groups also participate. This network may be considered a new social movement that aims to develop new schemes of sustainable rural development. We end with a discussion and conclusion in relation with the possibilities and challenges of the Network to strengthen sustainable agriculture and fair trade

Characterization of immune response to neurofilament light in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

PMCID: PMC3856490This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.PMCID: PMC385649

Spectroscopy of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

We have obtained low resolution spectra of nineteen red and blue low surface brightness galaxies, using the Marcario Low Resolution Spectrograph on the 9.2m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These galaxies form a very heterogeneous class, whose spectra qualitatively resemble those of high surface brightness galaxies covering the full range of spectra seen in galaxies of Hubble types from E to Irr. We use a combination of emission line (EW(Halpha), NII/Halpha) and absorption line (Mgb, Hbeta, ) based diagnostics to investigate the star-formation and chemical enrichment histories of these galaxies. These are diverse, with some galaxies having low metallicity and very young mean stellar ages, and other galaxies showing old, super-solar metallicity stellar populations. In contrast with some previous studies which found a strong trend of decreasing metallicity with decreasing central surface brightness, we find a population of galaxies with low surface brightness and near-solar metallicity. Correlations between several of the gas phase and stellar population age and metallicity indicators are used to place contraints on plausible evolutionary scenarios for LSB galaxies. The redshift range spanned by these galaxies is broad, with radial velocities from 3400 km/s to more than 65000 km/s. A subset of the sample galaxies have published HI redshifts and gas masses based on observations with the Arecibo 305m single-dish radio telescope, which place these galaxies far off of the mean Tully-Fisher relation. Our new optical redshifts do not agree with the published HI redshifts for these galaxies. Most of the discrepancies can be explained by beam confusion in the Arecibo observations, causing erroneous HI detections for some of the galaxies.Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures, 7 tables. Uses emulateapj5.sty and onecolfloat5.sty, which are included. Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa

Randomized phase III KEYNOTE-045 trial of pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel, docetaxel, or vinflunine in recurrent advanced urothelial cancer: results of &gt;2 years of follow-up.

BackgroundNovel second-line treatments are needed for patients with advanced urothelial cancer (UC). Interim analysis of the phase III KEYNOTE-045 study showed a superior overall survival (OS) benefit of pembrolizumab, a programmed death 1 inhibitor, versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced UC that progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy. Here we report the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of KEYNOTE-045.Patients and methodsAdult patients with histologically/cytologically confirmed UC whose disease progressed after first-line, platinum-containing chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned 1 : 1 to receive pembrolizumab [200 mg every 3 weeks (Q3W)] or investigator's choice of paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 Q3W), docetaxel (75 mg/m2 Q3W), or vinflunine (320 mg/m2 Q3W). Primary end points were OS and progression-free survival (PFS) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (RECIST v1.1) by blinded independent central radiology review (BICR). A key secondary end point was objective response rate per RECIST v1.1 by BICR.ResultsA total of 542 patients were enrolled (pembrolizumab, n = 270; chemotherapy, n = 272). Median follow-up as of 26 October 2017 was 27.7 months. Median 1- and 2-year OS rates were higher with pembrolizumab (44.2% and 26.9%, respectively) than chemotherapy (29.8% and 14.3%, respectively). PFS rates did not differ between treatment arms; however, 1- and 2-year PFS rates were higher with pembrolizumab. The objective response rate was also higher with pembrolizumab (21.1% versus 11.0%). Median duration of response to pembrolizumab was not reached (range 1.6+ to 30.0+ months) versus chemotherapy (4.4 months; range 1.4+ to 29.9+ months). Pembrolizumab had lower rates of any grade (62.0% versus 90.6%) and grade ≥3 (16.5% versus 50.2%) treatment-related adverse events than chemotherapy.ConclusionsLong-term results (&gt;2 years' follow-up) were consistent with those of previously reported analyses, demonstrating continued clinical benefit of pembrolizumab over chemotherapy for efficacy and safety for treatment of locally advanced/metastatic, platinum-refractory UC.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02256436

Star formation thresholds and galaxy edges: why and where

We study global star formation thresholds in the outer parts of galaxies by investigating the stability of disk galaxies embedded in dark halos. The disks are self-gravitating, contain metals and dust, and are exposed to UV radiation. We find that the critical surface density for the existence of a cold interstellar phase depends only weakly on the parameters of the model and coincides with the empirically derived surface density threshold for star formation. Furthermore, it is shown that the drop in the thermal velocity dispersion associated with the transition from the warm to the cold gas phase triggers gravitational instability on a wide range of scales. The presence of strong turbulence does not undermine this conclusion if the disk is self-gravitating. Models based on the hypothesis that the onset of thermal instability determines the star formation threshold in the outer parts of galaxies can reproduce many observations, including the threshold radii, column densities, and the sizes of stellar disks as a function of disk scale length and mass. Finally, prescriptions are given for implementing star formation thresholds in (semi-)analytic models and three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. Version 2: text significantly revised (major improvements), physics unchanged. Version 3: minor correction

Algunas consideraciones sobre la transición a la agricultura sustentable en el occidente de México

This article focus on the transition processes towards sustainable agriculture amongst farmers in western Mexico. Obstacles and motivations were studied in order to evaluate practices related to sustainable agriculture as a viable alternative for the current crisis in the Mexican countryside.We consider that the results contribute to the discussion on sustainable agriculture and its viability in the current neo-liberal context of Mexico. At the one hand, results indicate the importance of permanent land access, assuring a better stewardship of the soil at the long term and autonomy in decision-making on agricultural practices. On the other hand, the economic cost-benefit analysis that every producer makes represents a decisive factor for adopting sustainable agricultural practices. Although sustainable agriculture is cheaper at the short term, at the medium term farmers in transition, due to the temporal lower productivity, obtain more limited financial resources. However, those farmers with a more long-term view regarding farming incline themselves towards sustainable agriculture, considering soil degradation and fertility and the multifunctional services of agriculture.Este artículo reflexiona en torno al proceso de adopción de la agricultura sustentable en productores del Occidente de México. Se exploran los obstáculos y motivaciones que tuvieron, dando cuenta con ello de en qué medida representa la agricultura sustentable una alternativa real para los productores ante la crisis actual del campo mexicano.Consideramos que los resultados aportan a la discusión sobre la agricultura sustentable y su viabilidad en el actual contexto neoliberal; por una parte vemos que resulta importante que los productores sean propietarios de las tierras que trabajan, ya que eso incentiva su preocupación por el cuidado del suelo a largo plazo y les permite cierta autonomía en la toma de decisiones respecto a la manera en que quieren hacer agricultura. Por otro lado, la percepción y balance que hace cada productor respecto del costo/beneficio económico a corto, mediano y largo plazo representa un aspecto decisivo para la adopción de la agricultura sustentable pura o mixta; si bien la producción con técnicas orgánicas representa poca o casi nula inversión a corto plazo, a mediano plazo les representa un costo al no poder responder a la demanda del mercado en sus términos de productividad, sin embargo en los casos en que consideran la visión a largo plazo, el balance se inclina de nuevo a la agricultura sustentable al considerar el costo por el deterioro del suelo, la pérdida de fertilidad de la tierra y los servicios multifuncionales de la agricultura

English in product advertisements in non-english speaking countries in western europe: Product image and comprehension of the text

Although English has been shown to be the most frequently used foreign language in product advertisements in countries where it is not the native language, little is known about its effects. This article examines the response to advertisements in English compared to the response to the same ad in the local language in Western Europe on members of the target group for which the ad was intended: 715 young, highly educated female consumers. The use of English in a product ad does not appear to have any impact on image and price of the product, but it does affect text comprehension: the meaning of almost 40% of the English phrases was not understood. These results were the same for all countries involved in the study, irrespective of whether the respondents\u27 (self-) reported proficiency in English is high or low. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Análisis de la confluencia de percepción social y habitabilidad ambiental para espacios públicos de comunidades indígenas de la Costa Sur de Jalisco, México

Se reflexiona que la cosmovisión de habitantes de una comunidad indígena es resguardo de su patrimonio y valores como civilización. Son conscientes de los sistemas ecológicos que ordenan la relación entre variables meteorológica y la reproducción de la vida silvestre de plantas y animales; por ende, son un factor prioritario. El propósito de este estudio, fue analizar y clasificar manuscritos de aspectos teóricos de comunidades indígenas, cosmovisión, espacio público y habitabilidad ambiental; para redactar el artículo de revisión y contemplar la necesidad de extremar precauciones como grupo colectivo, para el cuidado de recursos naturales y riesgos suscitados al planeta por el cambio climático del siglo XXI. Esto ha ocasionado una versatilidad aguda de problemas de salud, bienestar y habitabilidad, aunado a ello, un rezago de la economía que compromete a las generaciones futuras y comunidades indígenas. Por ello, se considera prioritario informar a la población y organismos públicos los resultados de la investigación en turno, con la finalidad de subsanar este rubro nocivo para el ser humano y su hábitat