Testing a Possible Way of Geometrization of the Strong Interaction by a Kaluza-Klein Star

Geometrization of the fundamental interactions has been extensively studied during the century. The idea of introducing compactified spatial dimensions originated by Kaluza and Klein. Following their approach, several model were built representing quantum numbers (e.g. charges) as compactified space-time dimensions. Such geometrized theoretical descriptions of the fundamental interactions might lead us to get closer to the unification of the principle theories. Here, we apply a $3+1_C+1$ dimensional theory, which contains one extra compactified spatial dimension $1_C$ in connection with the flavour quantum number in Quantum Chromodynamics. Within our model the size of the $1_C$ dimension is proportional to the inverse mass-difference of the first low-mass baryon states. We used this phenomena to apply in a compact star model -- a natural laboratory for testing the theory of strong interaction and the gravitational theory in parallel. Our aim is to test the modification of the measurable macroscopical parameters of a compact Kaluza-Klein star by varying the size of the compactified extra dimension. Since larger the $R_C$ the smaller the mass difference between the first spokes of the Kaluza-Klein ladder resulting smaller-mass stars. Using the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equation, we investigate the $M$-$R$ diagram and the dependence of the maximum mass of compact stars. Besides testing the validity of our model we compare our results to the existing observational data of pulsar properties for constraints.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Assessment of Landscape Conflicts in Motorway Planning, NE Hungary

Field surveys are essential in the Hungarian motorway planning process so that it would be possible to assess their impacts on the landscape, since the available databases are insufficient in respect of listing all the valuable elements of the landscape. The aims of the research are to analyse the impacts of the planned M30 Motorway (located in north-eastern Hungary) on the landscape, to enumerate the cultural and natural valuable elements of the landscape near and within the area to be expropriated, to explore the possibilities of their protection and to outline the possible land use conflicts likely to arise after the implementation of the motorway. The main sources used for the research were: landscape, green space management and environmental protection studies made for the modification of the affected settlements’ urban plans, field surveys alongside the entire track, and existing environmental databases. In the case of M30 motorway, the chosen corridor was mostly acceptable in the sections where the motorway track leads along the track of the existing Main Road 3, because it is fitted to an existing linear artificial landscape element, it is basically on the border of two natural micro-regions and can also fit into the existing land use structure. Nevertheless, it is not considered to be the best choice in places where it separates vineyards from vine cellars, where it is located within 50 meters from residential areas or where it passes through small plot vineyards or horticultural areas instead of the arable lands of the nearby plain

Hungarian higher education and its international comparison

In the Széll Kálmán Plan the government committed itself to transform the higher education system; this change is necessary and actual. Reduction of neither the state-controlled higher education institutions, nor the number of students participating in higher education is justified: in an international comparison the number of Hungarian state-controlled institutions is significantly below the European average; in terms of the number of state financed students per one million inhabitants our arrears is considerable compared both to the surrounding and to the European developed countries. Number of people graduated in higher education in Hungary is below the OECD and UE19 average. In terms of higher education expenditures Hungary is amongst the last countries. However, government investments into higher education return significantly; Hungary is within the leading group in terms of this index. While rate of employment in basic and secondary education is below the average of OECD and EU19, our index in higher education is average or even above that. In the case of an employee with a higher education qualification the increased tax incomes mean approximately 20 million Ft additional income as compared to the case of a physical employee. Education directly defines the development path of a country; therefore it is extremely important for trends of modification to be professionally established and to serve growth

Characteristics of Hungarian Higher Education in an International Perspective

In the Széll Kálmán Plan, the government made a commitment to transform the higher education system, which change is both necessary and topical. Neither a reduction in the number of state-controlled higher education institutions, nor in the number of students participating in higher education is justified. In an international comparison, the number of Hungarian state-maintained institutions is significantly below the European average; in terms of the number of state financed students per one million citizens, our lag compared both to neighbouring and to the developed countries of Europe is considerable. The proportion of higher education graduates in Hungary is below the OECD and EU-19 average. In terms of higher education expenditures, Hungary is one of the laggards among OECD countries. At the same time, government investments into higher education generate significant returns; in terms of this particular indicator, Hungary is one of the leaders of the pack. While the rate of employment in basic and secondary education is below the OECD and EU-19 average, our indicator value in higher education is average or even above average. Education directly defines the development path of a country; it is, therefore, extremely important for trends of modification to be professionally sound and to serve growth