Do inhaled steroids increase the risk of osteoporosis?

The use of inhaled corticosteroids at conventional doses for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) does not appear to be associated with significant bone loss at 2 to 3 years of follow-up (strength of recommendation [SOR]: A, systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). However, higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids may be associated with negative bone density changes at up to 4 years of follow-up (SOR: C, RCTs without change in fracture rates). No evidence exists to evaluate whether nasal steroids increase the risks of bone loss. Longer-term effects of prolonged use of inhaled steroids on BMD or fracture risk are undetermined with current evidence

What treatments work best for constipation in children?

Osmotic laxatives produce the best results. Fiber and behavior modification may have a role. Increased fiber and behavior modification are the most often recommended first steps in managing chronic functional constipation (CFC) in children, but only limited evidence supports this approach (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B for fiber, 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT]; C for behavior modification, 1 small trial). For pharmacologic management, the best evidence supports osmotic laxatives (SOR: A, 6 fair- to good-quality RCTs)

Prostate Cancer Screening

Whether to screen for prostate cancer in aging men is a topic that is fairly well researched, but recommendations are controversial, because the evidence supporting any recommendation is equivocal. The evidence clearly does not support routine screening of all average-risk men, but for men aged 55 to 69 years, either not routinely screening, or engaging each man in shared decision making for his individual preference on screening, is reasonable and consistent with the evidence. Many organizations, including the American Cancer Society, have not yet reassessed their guidelines, in response to the US Preventative Services Task Force revised guideline

Do Inhaled Steroids Increase the Risk of Osteoporosis?

Inhaled corticosteroids are the primary therapy for asthma and are commonly prescribed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The use of oral steroids is a well-known risk factor for osteoporosis, but the effects of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density (BMD) are not well defined. No significant changes seen in BMD at moderate doses Our search found evidence pertaining to the use of inhaled pulmonary steroids, but no evidence meeting our inclusion criteria about the effect of inhaled nasal steroids. We located a Cochrane review, 1 other meta-analysis, and 2 individual RCTs that were not included in the systematic reviews. Three of the 7 RCTs included in the 2002 Cochrane review met our inclusion criteria for evaluating the impact of inhaled corticosteroids on BMD or fracture rate for adults with asthma or COPD. All 3 RCTs (792 subjects total) examined the effect of conventional doses of inhaled corticosteroids on BMD and 2 of the RCTs (892 participants total) collected fracture data. No demonstrable effect was seen on vertebral fracture (odds ratio [OR]=1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-7.03) or BMD at 2 years follow-up. The subjects were otherwise healthy people with asthma or COPD with an average age of 40 years; men outnumbered women 2 to 1. A fair-quality 2004 meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials (2300 participants) included 2 studies (448 subjects) that overlapped with the Cochrane review. There were no significant changes in BMD with moderately high doses of inhaled corticosteroids at 1 to 3 years follow-up. Annual changes in lumbar and femoral neck BMD (-0.23% and -0.17%, respectively) were not statistically significant. Mean changes in lumbar BMD were not significantly different from controls (-0.02). A fair-quality 2004 RCT did not demonstrate any clinically relevant effect on BMD at 2 years follow-up. This study used 800 mcg/day of fluticasone for patients with mild asthma. BMD changes found at higher doses There is, however, some evidence that higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids can result in adverse BMD changes. In a high-quality RCT of 412 participants, aged 40 to 69 years, with mild to moderate COPD, use of higher-dose triamcinolone (1200 mcg/day) was associated with decreased lumbar and femoral neck BMD over 3 to 4 years. The differences in BMD between the inhaled corticosteroids and placebo groups at the femoral neck and lumbar spine were 1.78% (P\u3c.001) and 1.33% (P=.007), respectively. However, the risk of fracture or height loss did not increase at follow-up. A large fair-quality RCT from 2001 included in both meta-analyses demonstrated a dose-related fall in BMD within the subjects over 2 years at the lumbar spine (standard deviation, 3.4%; P\u3c.010). This finding remained statistically significant after adjusting for asthma severity, but BMD changes were not different between the inhaled corticosteroids and placebo groups, However, this finding may be the result of higher oral corticosteroids use in the reference group. Limitations of these studies These studies, though, have limitations. The follow-up periods for all of these studies are less than 5 years, and thus the longer-term effects of prolonged use of inhaled corticosteroids on BMD or fracture risk cannot be determined with this evidence. Furthermore, the study populations were relatively young, with few other risk factors (they were, for example, predominantly male) than populations at highest risk for osteoporosis and fracture. These factors limit interpretation of the data for long-term inhaled corticosteroids use, particularly in populations with higher baseline osteoporosis risk-older persons with chronic lung disease who take inhaled corticosteroids for more than 2 to 3 years. We need better and longer-term studies to help advise our patients about the risks and benefits of inhaled corticosteroids therapy

Clinical Inquiries. What Treatments Work Best for Constipation in Children?

Osmotic laxatives produce the best results. Fiber and behavior modification may have a role. Increased fiber and behavior modification are the most often recommended first steps in managing chronic functional constipation (CFC) in children, but only limited evidence supports this approach. For pharmacologic management, the best evidence supports osmotic laxatives