Measurements and precision in nineteenth-century spectroscopy: George Downing Liveing and James Dewar: a case study

Precision was a fundamental principle upon which nineteenth-century science was established; a period of time during which spectroscopy was also developed. The subject of this doctoral thesis is about the importance of accurate measurements in the spectroscopic work of the two cambridge chemists, george downing liveing and james dewar. The conclusion we have reached is that liveing and dewar’ s spectroscopic studies were of a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, nature intending mostly to meet the practical needs of the chemical laboratory; that is putting more emphasis on the description of the general appearance and the identification of spectral lines, rather than on taking exact measurements of their wavelengths, which was mostly a physicist’ s field of expertiseΗ ΑΚΡΙΒΕΙΑ ΥΠΗΡΞΕ ΜΙΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΘΕΜΕΛΙΩΔΕΙΣ ΑΡΧΕΣ ΠΑΝΩ ΣΤΙΣ ΟΠΟΙΕΣ ΣΥΓΚΡΟΤΗΘΗΚΕ Η ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗ ΤΟΥ 19ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑˑ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΟΠΟIΑ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΧΘΗΚΕ, ΕΠΙΣΗΣ, Η ΦΑΣΜΑΤΟΣΚΟΠΙΑ. ΤΟ ΘΕΜΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑΣ ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗΣ ΑΦΟΡΑ ΣΤΗ ΣΗΜΑΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΑΚΡΙΒΕΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΡΗΣΕΩΝ ΣΤΟ ΦΑΣΜΑΤΟΣΚΟΠΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΤΩΝ ΧΗΜΙΚΩΝ GEORGE DOWNING LIVEING ΚΑΙ JAMES DEWAR. Η ΘΕΣΗ ΠΟΥ ΥΠΟΣΤΗΡΙΖΟΥΜΕ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΠΩΣ ΟΙ LIVEING ΚΑΙ DEWAR ΩΣ ΧΗΜΙΚΟΙ ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΗΣΑΝ ΜΙΑ ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟ ΠΟΙΟΤΙΚΗ, ΠΑΡΑ ΠΟΣΟΤΙΚΗ, ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ ΤΩΝ ΦΑΣΜΑΤΩΝ, ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΣΜΕΝΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΞΥΠΗΡΕΤΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΓΚΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΧΗΜΙΚΟΥ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΥˑ ΔΗΛΑΔΗ, ΜΙΑ ΠΡΟΣΕΓΓΙΣΗ ΠΟΥ ΕΔΙΝΕ ΜΕΓΑΛΥΤΕΡΗ ΕΜΦΑΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΩΝ ΜΟΡΦΟΛΟΓΙΚΩΝ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΤΑΥΤΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ ΤΩΝ ΦΑΣΜΑΤΩΝ, ΠΑΡΑ ΣΤΟΝ ΑΚΡΙΒΗ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟ ΤΩΝ ΜΗΚΩΝ ΚΥΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΦΑΣΜΑΤΙΚΩΝ ΤΟΥΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΩΝ, Ο ΟΠΟΙΟΣ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΟΥΣΕ ΚΑΤΕΞΟΧΗΝ ΔΡΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΩΝ ΦΥΣΙΚΩΝ

Additional file 6: Figure S4. of Nivolumab dose selection: challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned for cancer immunotherapy

Exposure-response for efficacy of nivolumab by dose level in NSCLC. (A) Probability of OR vs Cminss, overall and by dose. (B) Probability of OR vs CL, overall and by dose. CL = clearance; Cminss = steady-state trough concentration; NSCLC = non-small cell lung cancer; OR = objective response. (PDF 784 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Nivolumab dose selection: challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned for cancer immunotherapy

Study design. AE = adverse event; cCR = confirmed complete response; cPD = confirmed progressive disease; CR = complete response; PD = progressive disease; PR = partial response; SD = stable disease; uCR = unconfirmed complete response; Q2W = every 2 weeks; Q8W = every 8 weeks. (PDF 860 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Nivolumab dose selection: challenges, opportunities, and lessons learned for cancer immunotherapy

Baseline patient characteristics from CA209-003 in all treated patients. (DOCX 17 kb