Post-resolution treatment of depositors at failed banks: implications for the severity of banking crises, systemic risk, and too-big-to-fail

Bank failures are widely viewed in all countries as more damaging to the economy than the failure of other firms of similar size for a number of reasons. The failures may produce losses to depositors and other creditors, break long-standing bank-customers loan relationships, disrupt the payments system, and spillover in domino fashion to other banks, financial institutions and markets, and even to the macroeconomy (Kaufman, 1996). Thus, bank failures are viewed as potentially more likely to involve contagion or systemic risk than the collapse of other firms. The risk of such actual or perceived damage is often a popular justification for explicit or implicit government-provided or sponsored safety nets under banks, including explicit deposit insurance and implicit government guarantees, such as "too-big-to-fail" (TBTF), that may protect de jure uninsured depositors and possibly other bank stakeholders against some or all of the loss.Bank failures ; Deposit insurance

Post-resolution treatment of depositors at failed banks: implications for the severity of banking crises, systemic risk, and too big to fail

Losses from bank failures have significant adverse implications for bank stakeholders, as well as for the macroeconomy. This article examines the potential sources of such losses, in particular the losses that may occur after the date a bank is failed, and makes recommendations on how to minimize these losses.Bank failures ; Financial crises ; Deposit insurance ; Bank deposits

Chemical Contents of Hydroponic Plants

The world is increasingly sophisticated with technologies that help humans in the move, even in terms of compliance with food, but it is still in line with the development of technology that is the growing amount of human birth, so the lack of area for fulfillment in terms of planting of food crops, but the land is mostly reserved residential land, and even more we see this village, which is clearing land to grow crops other than basic foodstuffs, but only to enrich themselves. How do we as human beings who still want to meet the food needs facing arable land diminishing modern era is farming no longer have to use the soil of various methods of planting can be used for those who want to pursue her, one of which is farming hydroponic, hydroponics itself is a means farming without soil media when faced with the problems faced in the world in terms of food production, hydroponic gardening system offers a promising solution. In poor countries where soil or climate inhospitable to agriculture, hydroponics offers a means to grow crops with ease. also in areas where the soil has lost its nutrients or fertile land is hard to come by, hydroponics can be an ideal alternative to farming