Is the karyotype of neotropical boid snakes really conserved? Cytotaxonomy, chromosomal rearrangements and karyotype organization in the Boidae family

Boids are primitive snakes from a basal lineage that is widely distributed in Neotropical region. Many of these species are both morphologically and biogeographically divergent, and the relationship among some species remains uncertain even with evolutionary and phylogenetic studies being proposed for the group. For a better understanding of the evolutionary relationship between these snakes, we cytogenetically analysed 7 species and 3 subspecies of Neotropical snakes from the Boidae family using different chromosomal markers. The karyotypes of Boa constrictor occidentalis, Corallus hortulanus, Eunectes notaeus, Epicrates cenchria and Epicrates assisi are presented here for the first time with the redescriptions of the karyotypes of Boa constrictor constrictor, B. c. amarali, Eunectes murinus and Epicrates crassus. The three subspecies of Boa, two species of Eunectes and three species of Epicrates exhibit 2n = 36 chromosomes. In contrast, C. hortulanus presented a totally different karyotype composition for the Boidae family, showing 2n = 40 chromosomes with a greater number of macrochromosomes. Furthermore, chromosomal mapping of telomeric sequences revealed the presence of interstitial telomeric sites (ITSs) on many chromosomes in addition to the terminal markings on all chromosomes of all taxa analysed, with the exception of E. notaeus. Thus, we demonstrate that the karyotypes of these snakes are not as highly conserved as previously thought. Moreover, we provide an overview of the current cytotaxonomy of the group. © 2016 Viana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Percepções populares e insitucionais acerca de educação ambiental, serpentes e zoológicos

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogério Ribas LangeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa : Curitiba, 26/03/2020Inclui referências: p.53-55Resumo: A interatividade com animais como ferramenta de educação vem sendo discutida ao longo do tempo. Os zoológicos e aquários modernos são locais que permitem aos visitantes entrar em contato com a natureza e se sensibilizarem com os temas referentes a conservação das espécies animais e ainda trabalham na conservação, pesquisa e educação. Este trabalho objetivou entender as percepções da população em relação as ações de educação ambiental que ocorrem dentro e fora dos zoológicos e aquários e as ainda as percepções populares sobre as serpentes. Em um segundo momento foram avaliadas ações de educação ambiental que os zoológicos e aquários realizam e a valorização que esses empreendimentos dão para a comunicação dos resultados dos projetos de educação ambiental para a comunidade local e a comunidade científica. Os dados obtidos nos questionários envolvidos nesse trabalho mostram que a maior parte da população acredita que suas ações podem influenciar na conservação de espécies animais. Ainda mostra que acreditam que a educação ambiental e os zoológicos são ferramentas importantes para a conservação, os dados mostram também que grande parte da população não percebe as ações de educação ambiental que ocorrem nos zoológicos e aquários. Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental. Zoológicos e Aquários. Percepções populares. Serpentes. Conservação.Abstract: Interactivity with animals as an educational tool has been discussed over time. Modern zoos and aquariums are places that allow visitors to get in perception with nature and become aware of themes related to the conservation of animal species and still work on conservation, research, and education. This work proposed to understand the perceptions of the population in relation to environmental education actions that occur inside and outside zoos and aquariums and also the popular perceptions about snakes. In a second step, environmental education actions that zoos and aquariums carry out and the valuation that these ventures give to communicating the results of environmental education projects to the local community and the scientific community were evaluated. The data obtained in the questionnaires involved in this work show that the majority of the population believes that their actions can influence the conservation of animal species. Still shows that they believe that environmental education and zoos are important tools for conservation, the data also show that a large part of the population does not understand the actions of environmental education that occur in zoos and aquariums. Keywords: Environmental education. Zoos and Aquariums. Popular perceptions. Snakes. Conservation

Boa karyotypes.

<p>Karyotype of <i>Boa constrictor constrictor</i> with conventional staining (a), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (b), and C-banding (c); karyotype of <i>Boa constrictor amarali</i> with conventional staining (d), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (e), and C-banding (f); karyotype of <i>Boa constrictor occidentalis</i> with conventional staining (g), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (h), and C-banding (i).</p

Species/subspecies studied, location, gender and number of analysed individuals.

<p>Species/subspecies studied, location, gender and number of analysed individuals.</p

Amazon tree boa and anaconda karyotypes.

<p>Karyotype of <i>Corallus hortulanus</i> with conventional staining (a), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (b), and C-banding (c); karyotype of <i>Eunectes murinus</i> with conventional staining (d), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (e), and C-banding (f); karyotype of <i>Eunectes notaeus</i> with conventional staining (g), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (h), and C-banding (i).</p

Amazon tree boa and anaconda telomeres.

<p>Karyotypes of <i>Corallus hortulanus</i> (a), <i>Eunectes murinus</i> (b), and <i>Eunectes notaeus</i> (c), showing the distribution patterns of the telomeric sequences.</p

Rainbow boa telomeres.

<p>Karyotypes of <i>Epicrates cenchria</i> (a), <i>Epicrates assisi</i> (b), and <i>Epicrates crassus</i> (c) showing the distribution patterns of telomeric sequences.</p

Rainbow boa karyotypes.

<p>Karyotype of <i>Epicrates cenchria</i> with conventional staining (a), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (b), and C-banding (c); karyotype of <i>Epicrates assisi</i> by conventional staining (d), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (e), and C-banding (f); karyotype of <i>Epicrates crassus</i> by conventional staining (g), nucleolar organizer regions and location of the 18S rDNA (h), and C-banding (i).</p