Effects of ethanol and zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) on MAPK pathways in BRL-3A cells.

<p>Cellular changes of MAPK pathway members after 24-h 200 mM ethanol exposure with or without 1 µM ZD pre-treatment.</p

The effect of ethanol consumption and ZD treatment on rat body weights.

<p>Values are means ± S.D.; n = 6.</p><p>Different letters (e.g. a and b) indicate significant change (at least p<0.05).</p><p>AFLD, alcoholic fatty liver disease; ZD, zeaxanthin dipalmitate.</p

Intestinal proteins identified with differential expression between the AB and the untreated pigs (p<0.05).

a<p>Spot number consistent with those indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044929#pone-0044929-g003" target="_blank"><b>Figure 3</b></a>.</p>b<p>GI ID: Genbank identifier.</p>c<p>Protein score indicating the confidence of identification.</p>d<p>Expression quantity defined as the sum of optical density for each pixel of spot area (mean ± SEM, ×10⁴).</p

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) played hepato-protective effects through modulating transcription factor and MAPK pathways.

<p>Hepatic expression of (A) cytosolic inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein, (B) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and (C) MAPK pathway members after 10-week 4 g/kg ethanol administration with or without daily 25 mg/kg ZD administration from the 5^th week to the 10^th week. Different letters (e.g. a and b) indicate significant differences between groups (at least p<0.05). Data presented are expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n = 6).</p

The effects of ethanol consumption and ZD treatment on rat serum markers.

<p>Values are means ± S.D.; n = 6.</p><p>Different letters (e.g. a and b) indicate significant change (at least p<0.05).</p><p>AFLD, alcoholic fatty liver disease; ZD, zeaxanthin dipalmitate; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol.</p

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) attenuated hepatic inflammation induced by ethanol.

<p>Hepatic protein expression of (A) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), (B) interleukin (IL)-1β, (C) IL-6, and (D) monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 after 10-week 4 g/kg ethanol administration with or without daily 25 mg/kg ZD administration from the 5^th week to the 10^th week. Different letters (e.g. a and b) indicate significant differences between groups (at least p<0.05). Data presented are expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n = 6).</p

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZD) attenuated hepatic oxidative stress and alcohol metabolizing enzyme induced by ethanol.

<p>Hepatic expression of (A) catalase (CAT) mRNA, (B) superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) mRNA, (C) cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA, (D) CYP2E1 protein, and (E) activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) after 10-week 4g/kg ethanol administration with or without daily 25 mg/kg ZD administration from the 5^th week to the 10^th week. Different letters (e.g. a and b) indicate significant differences between groups (at least p<0.05). Data presented are expressed as Mean ± S.D. (n = 6).</p

Western-blot.

<p><b><i>Panel A</i></b>: Laminin receptor. <b><i>Panel B:</i></b> pyrophosphatase 1. <b><i>Panel C:</i></b> HSPB1. <b><i>Panel D:</i></b> haptoglobin. Expression levels are presented as mean±SEM. * p<0.05 in AB <i>vs</i> untreated pigs.</p

Intestinal proteins identified with differential expression between the AB and the untreated pigs (p<0.05).

a<p>Spot number consistent with those indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044929#pone-0044929-g003" target="_blank"><b>Figure 3</b></a>.</p>b<p>GI ID: Genbank identifier.</p>c<p>Protein score indicating the confidence of identification.</p>d<p>Expression quantity defined as the sum of optical density for each pixel of spot area (mean ± SEM, ×10⁴).</p

Small intestine weight, mucosa weight, villus height, crypt depth and enzymatic activities of ApN and ApA. Data are presented as mean±SEM.

<p>** p<0.01 in AB <i>vs</i> untreated pigs.</p