A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of bilingual programs in Europe

The effectiveness of bilingual programs for promoting academic achievement of language-minority in the United States has been examined in six meta-analyses. The present meta-analytic study investigates this topic for the first time in the European context. Thorough literature searches uncovered 101 European studies, with only seven meeting the inclusion criteria. Two studies were excluded from further analyses. Results from the random-effects model of the five remaining studies indicate a small positive effect (g = 0.23; 95% CI [0.10, 0.36]) for bilingual over submersion programs on reading of language-minority children. Thus, this meta-analysis supports bilingual education—that is, including the home language of language-minority children—in school instruction. However, the generalizability of the results is limited by the small number of studies on this topic. More published studies on bilingual education in Europe are needed as well as closer attention to the size of the effects

Additional file 2: of Serum phospholipid fatty acids, dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes among urban Ghanaians

Overview of the 33 food groups and respective food items, that were collapsed into the food groups. (DOCX 19 kb

Frequencies and rates of Non-AIDS defining events (NADEs) and other medical disorders not meeting AIDS-defining or NADEs criteria.

<p><b>*</b> HBV flare was defined as an elevation of ALT >5X upper limit of normal in a patient with HBSAg sero-positivity.</p><p>Frequencies and rates of Non-AIDS defining events (NADEs) and other medical disorders not meeting AIDS-defining or NADEs criteria.</p

Six monthly incidence rates of Non-AIDS and AIDS events, deaths, loss to follow up and asymptomatic events among Ghanaian HIV-infected patients on long-term cART.

<p>Non-AIDS events comprised all medical conditions which are non-AIDS defining by WHO criteria.</p

Frequencies of specific toxicities and treatment switches among Ghanaian cohort on long-term cART.

#<p> This refers to the number of patients switching treatment due to specific toxicity specified on the row. % was determined by dividing the number of patients switching treatment due to a specific toxicity by the total number of patients with that particular toxicity in question.</p>§<p> n(%) n refers to the number of patients who experienced specific toxicity and the % refers to number of patients with toxicity divided by the total number of patients starting ART which was 4,039. An individual patient may experience more than one toxicity during follow up and may experience a specific toxicity more than one episode during follow up.</p><p>Frequencies of specific toxicities and treatment switches among Ghanaian cohort on long-term cART.</p

Enrolment, characteristics, follow-up and vital status of patients initiating cART according to calendar year of enrolment.

<p>* And accessing the clinic, ^§ % of patients initiating cART.</p><p>Enrolment, characteristics, follow-up and vital status of patients initiating cART according to calendar year of enrolment.</p

Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with death on cART.

<p>Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with death on cART.</p

Frequencies and rates of AIDS-defining conditions.

<p>AIDS defining events were defined using WHO clinical criteria. * Causes of Intracranial space occupying lesion on CT scan were not documented but were presumed to be AIDS-defining events.</p><p>Frequencies and rates of AIDS-defining conditions.</p

Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with risk of developing AIDS on cART.

<p>Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with risk of developing AIDS on cART.</p

Causes of death among 188 patients who died in hospital while on first line cART.

<p>* Miscellaneous comprises of 1 case each of acute abdomen, amoebic liver abscess, CNS lymphoma, gluteal abscess, hepatocellular carcinoma, HBV flare, high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, strangulated umbilical hernia, otitis media, <i>Pneumocystis jirovercii</i> pneumonia, systemic candidiasis, tuberculous colitis, fulminant vasculitis with gangrene of toes and fingers.</p><p>Causes of death among 188 patients who died in hospital while on first line cART.</p