Fascia and spaces on the neck: myths and reality

Interpretacija i nomenklatura fascija vrata razlikuju se u pojedinih autora. S obzirom na to neophodno je ovu temu detaljnije razjasniti i usuglasiti terminologiju. Na temelju našeg višegodišnjeg iskustva u seciranju na 1000 kadavera, istražili smo fascije i prostore vrata i usporedili naše nalaze s postojećom međunarodnom terminologijom i opisima u udžbenicima i publikacijama. Svi nalazi su dokumentirani fotografijama, a preparati su pripremljeni metodom Thiel. Na svakom preparatu prikazane su interkarotidna fascija – razapeta između lijeve i desne vagine karotike, smještena iza visceralnih organa vrata – te fascija cervikalis medija koja je razapeta između dvaju omohioidnih mišića. „Opasan prostor” u razini karotičnog trokuta omeđen je vezivnim pregradama s četiri strane. Sprijeda se nalazi interkarotidna fascija, lateralno alarna fascija i straga prevertebralna fascija. Interkarotidna fascija je zid koji odvaja „opasan prostor” od retrofaringealnog prostora. Retrofaringealni prostor povezan je s pretrahealnim prostorom koji s prednje strane omeđuje srednja cervikalna fascija. Poznavanje interkarotidne fascije ključno je za pravilno razumijevanje krvarenja i upalnih procesa, budući da ona mijenja topografske odnose retrofaringealnog prostora i „opasnog prostora”. Sukladno tome, postojeća terminologija treba se prilagoditi.The ongoing discussion concerning the interpretation of existing or not existing fasciae on the neck needs a clarification and a valid terminology. Based on the dissection experience of the last four decades and therefore of about 1000 cadavers, we investigated the fascias and spaces on the neck and compared it to the existing internationally used terminology and interpretations of textbooks and publications. All findings were documented by photography and the dissections performed on cadavers embalmed with Thiel´s method. Neglected fascias, such as the intercarotid fascia located between both carotid sheaths and passing behind the visceras or the Fascia cervicalis media as a fascia between the two omohyoid muscles, were dissected on each cadaver. The ”Danger space” therefore was limited by fibrous walls on four sides at level of the carotid triangle. Ventrally there was the intercarotid fascia, laterally the alar fascia, and dorsally the prevertebral fascia. The intercarotid fascia is a clear fibrous wall between the Danger Space and the ventrally located retropharyngeal space. Latter space has a continuation to the pretracheal space which is ventrally limited by the middle cervical fascia. The existence of an intercarotid fascia is crucial for a correct interpretation of any bleeding or inflammation processes, because it changes the topography of the existing spaces such as the retropharyngeal or “Danger space” as well. As a consequence, the existing terminology should be discussed and needs to be adapted

Österreichs Beitritt zur Europäischen Union: Auswirkungen auf die funktionale Einkommensverteilung?

In den meisten Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union kam es in den letzten 20 Jahren zu einer deutlichen Verschiebung der Einkommensverteilung zu Lasten der unselbständig Beschäftigten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird exemplarisch untersucht, wie die Teilnahme am Europäischen Mehrebenensystem ab Mitte der 90er die Einkommensverteilung in Österreich veränderte. Die Lohnquote als Maß für die funktionelle Einkommensverteilung steht dabei im Mittelpunkt. Mit Paneldaten der Wirtschaftsabteilungen nach ÖNACE für die Periode 1984 – 2004 wird der Einfluss der Binnenmarktintegration und des sektoralen Wandels geschätzt, mit Daten für die gesamte Volkswirtschaft allgemeine und institutionelle Faktoren. Als Wirkungskanäle werden die Konsequenzen der Konfiguration des Binnenmarktes bzw. der indirekten Europäisierung der Wirtschaft, vor allem aber die institutionellen Änderungen (Form der staatlichen Verteilungsintervention, Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion, Macht-verschiebung zu Lasten der Gewerkschaften) identifiziert. In Summe können sie einen Großteil des markanten Rückganges der Lohnquote, daher eine Stärkung des Faktors Kapital gegenüber Arbeit bei der Verteilung des Volkseinkommens, erklären. Eine exakte Quantifizierung des EU-induzierten Anteils am Gesamtrückgang ist jedoch nicht möglich. Der sektorale Wandel und die Europäisierung der österreichischen Wirtschaft spielen hingegen kaum eine direkte Rolle.In a majority of the European Union’s Member States, the past 20 years demonstrated a major shift in income distribution, negatively affecting employees. This paper analyses how Austria’s participation in the European multi-level system from the mid-90s on influenced the income distribution in Austria. The basis of this analysis is the wage ratio as an indicator for functional income distribution. The influence of internal market integration and sectoral change is estimated with panel data at the 2-digit sector level for the period 1984-2004; general and institutional factors are estimated with data for the whole national economy. The identified channels of influence are: the consequences of the configuration of the internal market (or, more generally, the indirect Europeanisation of economy) and, more pertinently, institutional changes (forms of state intervention on distribution, Economic and Monetary Union, power shift at the expense of trade unions). These factors can go a long way towards explaining the prominent decrease in the wage ratio, strengthening the factor capital rather than labour when it comes to the distribution of the aggregate income. It is not possible to quantify precisely the EU-induced share of the general decrease. The sectoral change and the Europeanisation of the Austrian economy hardly play a direct role

Fascije i prostori vrata: mit i stvarnost

The ongoing discussion concerning the interpretation of existing or not existing fasciae on the neck needs a clarification and a valid terminology. Based on the dissection experience of the last four decades and therefore of about 1000 cadavers, we investigated the fascias and spaces on the neck and compared it to the existing internationally used terminology and interpretations of textbooks and publications. All findings were documented by photography and the dissections performed on cadavers embalmed with Thiel´s method. Neglected fascias, such as the intercarotid fascia located between both carotid sheaths and passing behind the visceras or the Fascia cervicalis media as a fascia between the two omohyoid muscles, were dissected on each cadaver. The ”Danger space” therefore was limited by fibrous walls on four sides at level of the carotid triangle. Ventrally there was the intercarotid fascia, laterally the alar fascia, and dorsally the prevertebral fascia. The intercarotid fascia is a clear fibrous wall between the Danger Space and the ventrally located retropharyngeal space. Latter space has a continuation to the pretracheal space which is ventrally limited by the middle cervical fascia. The existence of an intercarotid fascia is crucial for a correct interpretation of any bleeding or inflammation processes, because it changes the topography of the existing spaces such as the retropharyngeal or “Danger space” as well. As a consequence, the existing terminology should be discussed and needs to be adapted.Interpretacija i nomenklatura fascija vrata razlikuju se u pojedinih autora. S obzirom na to neophodno je ovu temu detaljnije razjasniti i usuglasiti terminologiju. Na temelju našeg višegodišnjeg iskustva u seciranju na 1000 kadavera, istražili smo fascije i prostore vrata i usporedili naše nalaze s postojećom međunarodnom terminologijom i opisima u udžbenicima i publikacijama. Svi nalazi su dokumentirani fotografijama, a preparati su pripremljeni metodom Thiel. Na svakom preparatu prikazane su interkarotidna fascija – razapeta između lijeve i desne vagine karotike, smještena iza visceralnih organa vrata – te fascija cervikalis medija koja je razapeta između dvaju omohioidnih mišića. „Opasan prostor” u razini karotičnog trokuta omeđen je vezivnim pregradama s četiri strane. Sprijeda se nalazi interkarotidna fascija, lateralno alarna fascija i straga prevertebralna fascija. Interkarotidna fascija je zid koji odvaja „opasan prostor” od retrofaringealnog prostora. Retrofaringealni prostor povezan je s pretrahealnim prostorom koji s prednje strane omeđuje srednja cervikalna fascija. Poznavanje interkarotidne fascije ključno je za pravilno razumijevanje krvarenja i upalnih procesa, budući da ona mijenja topografske odnose retrofaringealnog prostora i „opasnog prostora”. Sukladno tome, postojeća terminologija treba se prilagoditi

Effect of aging on elastin functionality in human cerebral arteries

Aging affects elastin, a key component of the arterial wall integrity and functionality. Elastin degradation in cerebral vessels is associated with cerebrovascular disease. The goal of this study is to assess the biomechanical properties of human cerebral arteries, their composition, and their geometry, with particular focus on the functional alteration of elastin attributable to aging

In-situ estimation of ice crystal properties at the South Pole using LED calibration data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory instruments about 1 km3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole using 5160 photomultipliers to detect Cherenkov light emitted by charged relativistic particles. A unexpected light propagation effect observed by the experiment is an anisotropic attenuation, which is aligned with the local flow direction of the ice. Birefringent light propagation has been examined as a possible explanation for this effect. The predictions of a first-principles birefringence model developed for this purpose, in particular curved light trajectories resulting from asymmetric diffusion, provide a qualitatively good match to the main features of the data. This in turn allows us to deduce ice crystal properties. Since the wavelength of the detected light is short compared to the crystal size, these crystal properties do not only include the crystal orientation fabric, but also the average crystal size and shape, as a function of depth. By adding small empirical corrections to this first-principles model, a quantitatively accurate description of the optical properties of the IceCube glacial ice is obtained. In this paper, we present the experimental signature of ice optical anisotropy observed in IceCube LED calibration data, the theory and parametrization of the birefringence effect, the fitting procedures of these parameterizations to experimental data as well as the inferred crystal properties.</p

Non-standard neutrino interactions in IceCube

Non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) may arise in various types of new physics. Their existence would change the potential that atmospheric neutrinos encounter when traversing Earth matter and hence alter their oscillation behavior. This imprint on coherent neutrino forward scattering can be probed using high-statistics neutrino experiments such as IceCube and its low-energy extension, DeepCore. Both provide extensive data samples that include all neutrino flavors, with oscillation baselines between tens of kilometers and the diameter of the Earth. DeepCore event energies reach from a few GeV up to the order of 100 GeV - which marks the lower threshold for higher energy IceCube atmospheric samples, ranging up to 10 TeV. In DeepCore data, the large sample size and energy range allow us to consider not only flavor-violating and flavor-nonuniversal NSI in the μ−τ sector, but also those involving electron flavor. The effective parameterization used in our analyses is independent of the underlying model and the new physics mass scale. In this way, competitive limits on several NSI parameters have been set in the past. The 8 years of data available now result in significantly improved sensitivities. This improvement stems not only from the increase in statistics but also from substantial improvement in the treatment of systematic uncertainties, background rejection and event reconstruction

TXS 0506+056 with Updated IceCube Data

Past results from the IceCube Collaboration have suggested that the blazar TXS 0506+056 is a potential source of astrophysical neutrinos. However, in the years since there have been numerous updates to event processing and reconstruction, as well as improvements to the statistical methods used to search for astrophysical neutrino sources. These improvements in combination with additional years of data have resulted in the identification of NGC 1068 as a second neutrino source candidate. This talk will re-examine time-dependent neutrino emission from TXS 0506+056 using the most recent northern-sky data sample that was used in the analysis of NGC 1068. The results of using this updated data sample to obtain a significance and flux fit for the 2014 TXS 0506+056 "untriggered" neutrino flare are reported

Galactic Core-Collapse Supernovae at IceCube: “Fire Drill” Data Challenges and follow-up

The next Galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) presents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to make astrophysical measurements using neutrinos, gravitational waves, and electromagnetic radiation. CCSNe local to the Milky Way are extremely rare, so it is paramount that detectors are prepared to observe the signal when it arrives. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a gigaton water Cherenkov detector below the South Pole, is sensitive to the burst of neutrinos released by a Galactic CCSN at a level >10σ. This burst of neutrinos precedes optical emission by hours to days, enabling neutrinos to serve as an early warning for follow-up observation. IceCube\u27s detection capabilities make it a cornerstone of the global network of neutrino detectors monitoring for Galactic CCSNe, the SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS 2.0). In this contribution, we describe IceCube\u27s sensitivity to Galactic CCSNe and strategies for operational readiness, including "fire drill" data challenges. We also discuss coordination with SNEWS 2.0

All-Energy Search for Solar Atmospheric Neutrinos with IceCube

The interaction of cosmic rays with the solar atmosphere generates a secondary flux of mesons that decay into photons and neutrinos – the so-called solar atmospheric flux. Although the gamma-ray component of this flux has been observed in Fermi-LAT and HAWC Observatory data, the neutrino component remains undetected. The energy distribution of those neutrinos follows a soft spectrum that extends from the GeV to the multi-TeV range, making large Cherenkov neutrino telescopes a suitable for probing this flux. In this contribution, we will discuss current progress of a search for the solar neutrino flux by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory using all available data since 2011. Compared to the previous analysis which considered only high-energy muon neutrino tracks, we will additionally consider events produced by all flavors of neutrinos down to GeV-scale energies. These new events should improve our analysis sensitivity since the flux falls quickly with energy. Determining the magnitude of the neutrino flux is essential, since it is an irreducible background to indirect solar dark matter searches