Photography and the Role of the Artist

How do we think the photographer as a creator? This question often provokes a debate regarding the limits of the photographic medium: In particular, the potential for freedom of creative expression. The concern that photography is unable to afford the artist sufficient creative control over her work follows from the observation that photographs are causally related to the object photographed. Consequentially, the viewer is unable to take an interest towards the photograph as an aesthetic representation; since it is the object photographed that holds the attention of the viewer, rather than the photograph itself. However, I contend that in reaching this conclusion we overlook the decisive impact of photography on the creative practice of picture making. Rather than illustrate the artist as restricted in her use of the photographic medium, I aim to show how photography has transformed the relationship between artist, subject and medium. The access to and engagement with her subject requires a different kind of approach. Instead of following the usual route that attempts to mark out a description of creative practice which has as its centre the intentions of the artist, I claim that a more insightful approach may surface from rethinking the role of the artist: A role in which the quality of intention does not follow – solely – from the imaginative or interpretive intentions of the artist, but emerges from a multitude of perspectives

Frequency selectivity of the human cochlea:Suppression tuning of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions

AbstractFrequency selectivity is a key functional property of the inner ear and since hearing research began, the frequency resolution of the human ear has been a central question. In contrast to animal studies, which permit invasive recording of neural activity, human studies must rely on indirect methods to determine hearing selectivity. Psychophysical studies, which used masking of a tone by other sounds, indicate a modest frequency selectivity in humans. By contrast, estimates using the phase delays of stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAE) predict a remarkably high selectivity, unique among mammals. An alternative measure of cochlear frequency selectivity are suppression tuning curves of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE). Several animal studies show that these measures are in excellent agreement with neural frequency selectivity. Here we contribute a large data set from normal-hearing young humans on suppression tuning curves (STC) of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE). The frequency selectivities of human STC measured near threshold levels agree with the earlier, much lower, psychophysical estimates. They differ, however, from the typical patterns seen in animal auditory nerve data in that the selectivity is remarkably independent of frequency. In addition, SOAE are suppressed by higher-level tones in narrow frequency bands clearly above the main suppression frequencies. These narrow suppression bands suggest interactions between the suppressor tone and a cochlear standing wave corresponding to the SOAE frequency being suppressed. The data show that the relationship between pre-neural mechanical processing in the cochlea and neural coding at the hair-cell/auditory nerve synapse needs to be reconsidered

Ten-year trends in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort study of California emergency department and hospital revisits and readmissions.

OBJECTIVE:To describe visits and visit rates of adults presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major cause of death and disability in the USA; yet, current literature is limited because few studies examine longer-term ED revisits and hospital readmission patterns of TBI patients across a broad spectrum of injury severity, which can help inform potential unmet healthcare needs. DESIGN:We performed a retrospective cohort study. SETTING:We analysed non-public patient-level data from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development for years 2005 to 2014. PARTICIPANTS:We identified 1.2 million adult patients aged ≥18 years presenting to California EDs and hospitals with an index diagnosis of TBI. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Our main outcomes included revisits, readmissions and mortality over time. We also examined demographics, mechanism and severity of injury and disposition at discharge. RESULTS:We found a 57.7% increase in the number of TBI ED visits, representing a 40.5% increase in TBI visit rates over the 10-year period (346-487 per 100 000 residents). During this time, there was also a 33.8% decrease in the proportion of patients admitted to the hospital. Older, publicly insured and black populations had the highest visit rates, and falls were the most common mechanism of injury (45.5% of visits). Of all patients with an index TBI visit, 40.5% of them had a revisit during the first year, with 46.7% of them seeking care at a different hospital from their initial hospital or ED visit. Additionally, of revisits within the first year, 13.4% of them resulted in hospital readmission. CONCLUSIONS:The large proportion of patients with TBI who are discharged directly from the ED, along with the high rates of revisits and readmissions, suggest a role for an established system for follow-up, treatment and care of TBI

Modeling the characteristics of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in lizards

Lizard auditory papillae have proven to be an attractive object for modelling the production of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE). Here we use an established model (Vilfan and Duke, 2008) and extend it by exploring the effect of varying the number of oscillating elements, the strength of the parameters that describe the coupling between oscillators, the strength of the oscillators, and additive noise. The most remarkable result is that the actual number of oscillating elements hardly influences the spectral pattern, explaining why spectra from very different papillar dimensions are similar. Furthermore, the spacing between spectral peaks primarily depends on the reactive coupling between the oscillator elements. This is consistent with observed differences between lizard species with respect to tectorial covering of hair cells and SOAE peak spacings. Thus, the model provides a basic understanding of the variation in SOAE properties across lizard species. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Inner-ear abnormalities and their functional consequences in Belgian Waterslager canaries (Serinus canarius)

Recent reports of elevated auditory thresholds in canaries of the Belgian Waterslager strain have shown that this strain has an inherited auditory deficit in which absolute auditory thresholds at high frequencies (i.e. above 2.0 kHz) are as much as 40 dB less sensitive than the thresholds of mixed-breed canaries and those of other strains. The measurement of CAP audiograms showed that the hearing deficit is already present at the level of the auditory nerve (Gleich and Dooling, 1992). Here we show gross abnormalities in the anatomy of the basilar papilla of Belgian Waterslager canaries at the level of the hair cell. The extent of these abnormalities was correlated with the amount of hearing deficit as measured behaviorally

A Neural Map of Interaural Intensity Differences in the Brain Stem of the Barn Owl

The nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis pars posterior (VLVp) is the first binaural station in the intensity-processing pathway of the barn owl. Contralateral stimulation excites and ipsilateral stimulation inhibits VLVp cells. The strength of the inhibition declines systematically from dorsal to ventral within the nucleus. Cells selective for different intensity disparities occur in an orderly sequence from dorsal to ventral within each isofrequency lamina. Cells at intermediate depths in the nucleus are selective for a particular narrow range of interaural intensity differences independently of the absolute sound-pressure level. A simple model of the interaction between inhibition and excitation can explain most of the response properties of VLVp neurons. The map of selectivity for intensity disparity is mainly based on the gradient of inhibition