Développement d'un protocole d'induction de tolérance immunologique applicable à la transplantation de myoblastes comme traitement de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne

La transplantation de myoblastes (cellules précurseurs du muscle) est une thérapie potentielle prometteuse pour le traitement de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne. À ce jour, aucun traitement efficace n'existe pour cette maladie. Cette thérapie consiste en l'injection des cellules directement dans le muscle malade. Comme tous les autres types de transplantation allogénique, les myoblastes sont rapidement rejetés par le système immunitaire, mais le rejet peut être contrôlé par l'emploi soutenu d'immunosuppresseurs. L'utilisation de ces immunosuppresseurs serait idéale si ce n'était de leurs effets indésirables importants. Pour contourner ce problème, il est possible d'induire une tolérance immunologique envers les myoblastes transplantés. Cet état de tolérance peut-être induit par deux voies principales : la tolérance périphérique et la tolérance centrale. Plusieurs protocoles d'induction de tolérance périphérique et centrale ont été démontrés efficaces dans la littérature chez des modèles animaux et, dans certains cas, chez l'humain. Nous avons donc appliqué certains de ces protocoles d'induction de tolérance à la transplantation de myoblastes. Lors de cette étude, il est démontré que l'induction de tolérance périphérique, avec les protocoles utilisés, n'ont permis que la prolongation de la survie des myoblastes et qu'une modulation centrale du système immunitaire pourrait améliorer les résultats de survie. C'est pourquoi nous nous sommes tournés vers l'utilisation de protocoles non-myéloablatifs de greffe de moelle osseuse utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux bloquant les signaux d'activation des lymphocytes. Par le développement de chimérisme, nous avons démontré, pour la première fois, l'induction d'une tolérance robuste et spécifique à la transplantation de myoblastes, sans aucune immunosuppression soutenue. Cette démonstration montre que l'induction de tolérance par modulation centrale pourrait un jour être appliquée à un traitement de transplantation de myoblastes pour la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne, améliorant ainsi l'espoir d'une qualité de vie meilleure pour ces jeunes malades

Identification of a putative pathway for the muscle homing of stem cells in a muscular dystrophy model

Attempts to repair muscle damage in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by transplanting skeletal myoblasts directly into muscles are faced with the problem of the limited migration of these cells in the muscles. The delivery of myogenic stem cells to the sites of muscle lesions via the systemic circulation is a potential alternative approach to treat this disease. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) were obtained by a MACS® multisort method. Clones of MDSCs, which were Sca-1+/CD34−/L-selectin+, were found to adhere firmly to the endothelium of mdx dystrophic muscles after i.v. or i.m. injections. The subpopulation of Sca-1+/CD34− MDSCs expressing L-selectin was called homing MDSCs (HMDSCs). Treatment of HMDSCs with antibodies against L-selectin prevented adhesion to the muscle endothelium. Importantly, we found that vascular endothelium from striate muscle of young mdx mice expresses mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), a ligand for L-selectin. Our results showed for the first time that the expression of the adhesion molecule L-selectin is important for muscle homing of MDSCs. This discovery will aid in the improvement of a potential therapy for muscular dystrophy based on the systemic delivery of MDSCs

CD45 ligation expands Tregs by promoting interactions with DCs

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express CD4 and FOXP3, are critical for modulating the immune response and promoting immune tolerance. Consequently, methods to expand Tregs for therapeutic use are of great interest. While transfer of Tregs after massive ex vivo expansion can be achieved, in vivo expansion of Tregs would be more practical. Here, we demonstrate that targeting the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase with a tolerogenic anti-CD45RB mAb acutely increases Treg numbers in WT mice, even in absence of exogenous antigen. Treg expansion occurred through substantial augmentation of homeostatic proliferation in the preexisting Treg population. Moreover, anti-CD45RB specifically increased Treg proliferation in response to cognate antigen. Compared with conventional T cells, Tregs differentially regulate their conjugation with DCs. Therefore, we determined whether CD45 ligation could alter interactions between Tregs and DCs. Live imaging showed that CD45 ligation specifically reduced Treg motility in an integrin-dependent manner, resulting in enhanced interactions between Tregs and DCs in vivo. Increased conjugate formation, in turn, augmented nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Treg proliferation. Together, these results demonstrate that Treg peripheral homeostasis can be specifically modulated in vivo to promote Treg expansion and tolerance by increasing conjugation between Tregs and DCs

Intracellular delivery of a Tat-eGFP fusion protein into muscle cells.

Abstract The Tat protein from HIV-1, when fused with heterologous proteins or peptides, can traverse biological membranes in a process called "protein transduction," delivering its cargo into cells. A Tat-eGFP fusion protein was purified from bacteria to study the transduction kinetics of Tat fusion proteins into cultured myoblasts and in the muscle tissue. Correctly folded Tat-eGFP reaches a maximum intracellular level in nearly 30 min, while its endogenous fluorescence is first detected only after 14 h. The nuclear localization signal from the basic domain of Tat was not sufficient to confer nuclear localization to Tat-eGFP, suggesting that the nuclear import pathway used by the exogenously added Tat-eGFP might be sensitive to the folding state of eGFP. In mice, the direct delivery to the muscle tissue using subcutaneous injections or the intra-arterial pathway led to few positive fibers in the muscle periphery or surrounding the blood vessels. Muscles injected with Tat-eGFP showed intense labeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), suggesting that, although Tat fusion proteins can transduce muscle fibers, their binding by components of the ECM surrounding myofibers could interfere with the intracellular transduction process

CD45 ligation expands Tregs by promoting interactions with DCs

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express CD4 and FOXP3, are critical for modulating the immune response and promoting immune tolerance. Consequently, methods to expand Tregs for therapeutic use are of great interest. While transfer of Tregs after massive ex vivo expansion can be achieved, in vivo expansion of Tregs would be more practical. Here, we demonstrate that targeting the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase with a tolerogenic anti-CD45RB mAb acutely increases Treg numbers in WT mice, even in absence of exogenous antigen. Treg expansion occurred through substantial augmentation of homeostatic proliferation in the preexisting Treg population. Moreover, anti-CD45RB specifically increased Treg proliferation in response to cognate antigen. Compared with conventional T cells, Tregs differentially regulate their conjugation with DCs. Therefore, we determined whether CD45 ligation could alter interactions between Tregs and DCs. Live imaging showed that CD45 ligation specifically reduced Treg motility in an integrin-dependent manner, resulting in enhanced interactions between Tregs and DCs in vivo. Increased conjugate formation, in turn, augmented nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Treg proliferation. Together, these results demonstrate that Treg peripheral homeostasis can be specifically modulated in vivo to promote Treg expansion and tolerance by increasing conjugation between Tregs and DCs