Nihilismo, nihilistas. Sobre una posible fuente de Nietzsche

El artículo trata de las fuentes del concepto de «nihilismo» en Nietzsche. Es bien conocido que el término «nihilismo» adquiere un significado filosófico gracias a Nietzsche. Martin Heidegger y en menor medida Karl Löwith han contribuido luego a la transformación filosófica final del término. Sin embargo es igualmente bien conocido que Nietzsche no es el creador del término/concepto. La literatura secundaria sobre el tema nos informa que Nietzsche probablemente tomó prestado el término/concepto de la mediación literaria proporcionada por Turgeniev y Dostoevskij. El artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar que la reflexión de Nietzsche sobre el tema del nihilismo comenzó antes se su lectura de Dostoevkij (otoño-invierno 1884/1888) y al menos al mismo tiempo que él lee a Turgeniev (segunda mitad de los años 70). A fin de justificar esta retroactividad, el artículo mostrará fuentes nuevas e inexploradas en la Nietzsche-Forschung, tales como una novela escrita por Karl Gutzkow y un libro del teólogo Hermann Reuter

Nietzsche: ¿político o apolítico?

Although there is no proper political doctrine in Nietzsche, his thought certainly has a political dimension. Since the II Untimely Consideration on history Nietzsche appears to be taking a stance towards the situation of his time. Afterwards, in the very same concept of «will to power» society, ethics, physical world and political world are strictly connected. The concept of great politics has a central role, even if it has a primarily moral connotation. In general, one could say that the political sense of Nietzsche’s philosophy always derivesfrom his moral ideas. He considers his personal destiny corresponding to Europe’s destiny. In his late works he deals with the concept of «aristocratic», which has to be understood as an aristocracy of the spirit rather than a social or political classification Aunque en Nietzsche no hay una doctrina política en sentido estricto, su pensamiento tiene sin duda una dimensión política. Desde la segunda Consideración intempestiva sobre la historia, Nietzsche se muestra interesado en tomar distancia frente a la situación de su tiempo. Además, en el mismo concepto de «voluntad de poder», sociedad, ética, mundo físico y político están estrechamente conectados. El concepto de «gran política» tiene un papel central, aunque tenga primariamente una connotación moral. En general, podemos decir que el sentido político de la filosofía de Nietzsche deriva siempre de sus ideas morales. Considera que su destino personal se corresponde con el destino de Europa. En sus últimas obras trabaja con el concepto de «aristocrático», que tiene que ser entendido como una aristocracia del espíritu, en vez de social o política

Nihilismo, nihilistas. Sobre una posible fuente de Nietzsche

The paper deals with the sources of Nietzsche’s concept of “nihilism”. It is well known that the term “nihilism” obtains a philosophical meaning thanks to Nietzsche. Martin Heidegger and to a lesser extent Karl Löwith have then contributed to the final philosophical transformation of the term. Nevertheless it is equally well known that Nietzsche is not the creator of the term/concept. The secondary literature on the topic informs us that Nietzsche probably borrowed the term/concept from the literary mediation provided by Turgenev and Dostoevskij. The paper aims at showing that Nietzsche’s reflection upon the theme of nihilism began well before his reading of Dostoevskij (autumn-winter 1887/1888) and at least at the same time as he read Turgenev (second half of the ‘70s). In order to justify this backdating, the paper will show new and unexlopered sources in the Nietzsche-Forschung such as a novel by the writer Karl Gutzkow and a book by the theologian Hermann Reuter.El artículo trata de las fuentes del concepto de «nihilismo» en Nietzsche. Es bien conocido que el término «nihilismo» adquiere un significado filosófico gracias a Nietzsche. Martin Heidegger y en menor medida Karl Löwith han contribuido luego a la transformación filosófica final del término. Sin embargo es igualmente bien conocido que Nietzsche no es el creador del término/concepto. La literatura secundaria sobre el tema nos informa que Nietzsche probablemente tomó prestado el término/concepto de la mediación literaria proporcionada por Turgeniev y Dostoevskij. El artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar que la reflexión de Nietzsche sobre el tema del nihilismo comenzó antes se su lectura de Dostoevkij (otoño-invierno 1884/1888) y al menos al mismo tiempo que él lee a Turgeniev (segunda mitad de los años 70). A fin de justificar esta retroactividad, el artículo mostrará fuentes nuevas e inexploradas en la Nietzsche-Forschung, tales como una novela escrita por Karl Gutzkow y un libro del teólogo Hermann Reuter

Por qué la ciencia debe ser “gaya”. Sobre la cuestión del perspectivismo en Nietzsche

¿Cuál es la jovialidad de la gaya ciencia? Aparte de la obvia referencia a la poesía de los trovadores (que Nietzsche sólo a posteriori reivindica), define a un tipo de ciencia que es capaz de reír sobre sus pretensiones de conocimiento absoluto. Éste es el origen de lo que más tarde llamará el perspectivismo. Cada trozo de conocimiento depende de la perspectiva bajo la cual observamos el objeto; esta tesis debe ser examinada cuidadosamente puesto que tiene implicaciones para su propio punto de vista. La verdad no es otra cosa más que el conjunto infinito de perspectivas particulares. Este resultado escéptico de la filosofía de Nietzsche es la radicalización de la doctrina kantiana de la cosa en sí. Las consecuencias que extrae  Nietzsche de él contribuyen a destruir el antropocentrismo. Todas las referencias a los animales inferiores (moscas, ranas, gusanos, mosquitos, hormigas) sirven para romper la ilusión de que el ser humano sea el punto más alto de la creación. La destrucción paralela de las ilusiones de una ciencia humana, demasiado humana, es el tema principal del capítulo quinto de La gaya ciencia, añadido en la segunda edición de 1887

Fibrinogen concentrate in surgery

Fibrinogen is a plasma glycoprotein synthesised by the liver which plays a critical role in haemostasis by acting as an endogenous substrate for fibrin formation and by inducing clot formation and platelet aggregation

An Experience on Environmental Education Based on Respect-Reduce-Reuse-Recycle in a Village Primary School in the Marche Region, in Italy

The importance of environmental education is widely recognized worldwide: an important objective is that the citizens are accustomed to apply the best available practices in their life, while asking the administration and the government to gradually enforce measures leading to a reduction of the environmental impact and to a more sustainable lifestyle. This requires a formation starting at an early age: however, in Italy the relevant indications from the National Curriculum are still limited and do not suggest explicitly the performance of any practical activity, tailored on the specific school setting. This inadequacy of the Curriculum becomes particularly apparent in cases where other concerns are present, for example the areas in the Marche region affected by the 2016 earthquake: here, the need to resume a day-by-day routine put a kind of “damper” on other questions, such as environmental issues. This had an effect also in children’s life: on this question, school needs to take a stand, which is the objective of this study.  This work concerns an approach to environmental education in a multi-classes primary school context (age 6-10) in a small village school, located in the Central Apennine in Italy. This is performed through an experience carried out by investigating the behavior towards waste production of the community, as perceived by children at school. It is therefore articulated through the application of 4R (Respect, which encompasses Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) applying and extending the indications from the Italian National Curriculum. The project leads also to an experience of self-production of objects by the use of waste, to improve their awareness of the possibilities included in their upcycling. Feedback on the experience is finally acquired from the children and discussed, especially in the sense of creating future citizens with a more sensible and reasonable behavior towards the environment and leading possibly to zero-waste strategies in their family and work setting. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and different themes about waste production were singled out. Keywords: Environmental education, reduce-reuse-recycle, respect, DIY materials, good practices DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-15-04 Publication date:May 31st 202

Re-designing the substrate binding pocket of laccase for enhanced oxidation of sinapic acid

Iterative saturation mutagenesis was performed over six residues delimiting the substrate binding pocket of a high-redox potential chimeric laccase with the aim of enhancing its activity over sinapic acid, a lignin-related phenol of industrial interest. In total, more than 15000 clones were screened and two selected variants, together with the parent-type laccase, were purified and characterized. The new variants presented shifted pH activity profiles and enhanced turnover rates on sinapic acid and its methyl ester, whereas the oxidation of related phenols was not significantly enhanced. Neither the enzyme's redox potential nor the mechanism of the reaction were affected. Thus, quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations were done to rationalize the effect of the selected mutations, revealing the critical role of the residues of the enzyme pocket to provide the precise binding of the substrate that enables an efficient electron transfer to the T1 copper. The results presented highlight the power of combining directed evolution and computational approaches to give novel solutions in enzyme engineering and to understand the mechanistic reasons behind them, offering new insights for further rational design towards specific targets

Room-temperature synthesis of 2D-Ti3C2Tx nano-sheets by organic base treatment

The growing demand for improved electrochemical performance in energy storage systems has stimulated research into advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials for electrodes. In this work, we obtain a layered MXene compound by exfoliating a titanium aluminum carbide precursor using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) ions in a full room temperature process followed by manual shaking. The hexagonal crystal structure and composition of the layered materials are characterized using different techniques. X-Ray diffraction shows the formation of 2D nano-sheets before and after the TMAOH treatment via its characteristic (002) diffraction peak, bringing to light an increase in the interlayer spacing after treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the layered morphology, whose composition is determined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis for the bulk material and by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the surface of the obtained compounds. This study demonstrates a promising route to enhance delamination of this MXene 2D material in a low-cost room-temperature approach

Incidental extravascular findings in computed tomographic angiography for planning or monitoring endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: Smoker patients, increased lung cancer prevalence?

AIMTo validate the feasibility of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lung prior to computed tomography angiography (CTA) in assessing incidental thoracic findings during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) planning or follow-up.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective study among 181 patients (143 men, mean age 71 years, range 50-94) referred to our centre for CTA EVAR planning or follow-up. HRCT and CTA were performed before or after 1 or 12 mo respectively to EVAR in all patients. All HRCT examinations were reviewed by two radiologists with 15 and 8 years' experience in thoracic imaging. The results were compared with histology, bronchoscopy or follow-up HRCT in 12, 8 and 82 nodules respectively.RESULTSThere were a total of 102 suspected nodules in 92 HRCT examinations, with a mean of 1.79 nodules per patient and an average diameter of 9.2 mm (range 4-56 mm). Eighty-nine out of 181 HRCTs resulted negative for the presence of suspected nodules with a mean smoking history of 10 pack-years (p-y, range 5-18 p-y). Eighty-two out of 102 (76.4%) of the nodules met criteria for computed tomography follow-up, to exclude the malignant evolution. Of the remaining 20 nodules, 10 out of 20 (50%) nodules, suspected for malignancy, underwent biopsy and then surgical intervention that confirmed the neoplastic nature: 4 (20%) adenocarcinomas, 4 (20%) squamous cell carcinomas, 1 (5%) small cell lung cancer and 1 (5%) breast cancer metastasis); 8 out of 20 (40%) underwent bronchoscopy (8 pneumonia) and 2 out of 20 (10%) underwent biopsy with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.CONCLUSIONHRCT in EVAR planning and follow-up allows to correctly identify patients requiring additional treatments, especially in case of lung cancer