Energy consumption and economic growth in China: A multivariate causality test

a b s t r a c t This study takes a fresh look at the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth in China during the period from 1972 to 2006, using a multivariate cointegration approach. Given the weakness associated with the bivariate causality framework, the current study performs a multivariate causality framework by incorporating capital and labor variables into the model between energy consumption and economic growth based on neo-classical aggregate production theory. Using the recently developed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, a long-run equilibrium cointegration relationship has been found to exist between economic growth and the explanatory variables: energy consumption, capital and employment. Empirical results reveal that the long-run parameter of energy consumption on economic growth in China is approximately 0.15, through a long-run static solution of the estimated ARDL model, and that for the short-run is approximately 0.12 by the error correction model. The study also indicates the existence of shortrun and long-run causality running from energy consumption, capital and employment to economic growth. The estimation results imply that energy serves as an important source of economic growth, thus more vigorous energy use and economic development strategies should be adopted for China

Peran Gaya Kepemimpinan Transformasional Memoderasi Pengaruh Motivasi Intrinsik dan Kecerdasan Emosional terhadap Kinerja Guru (Studi Kasus pada SMA Negeri di Kecamatan Pati Kabupaten Pati)

This research is intended to examine the influence of motivation intrinsic and emotional intelligence to the state senior high school teachers\u27 work performance with the moderation of transformational leadership style. The specific purpose of this research is to examine the role of transformational leadership style moderates the influence of intrinsic motivation and emotional intelligence to the teachers\u27 work performance. The USAge of this research is to explain and expand the previous research about the role of transformational leadership style moderates the influence of intrinsic motivation and emotional intelligence to the teachers\u27 work performance. This research used the population of 116 teachers of state senior high school in Pati District, Pati Regency. The technique of sample collection used in this research is non-probability sampling with the purposive method. The analysis technique used in this research is regression model moderate quasi. Based on the research result can be conduded that: intrinsic motivation influences teachers\u27 work performance, emotional intelligence influences the teachers\u27 work performance, transformational leadership style do not moderate the influence of intrinsic motivation to teachers\u27 work performance, , transformational leadership style strengthen the influence of emotional intelligence to the teachers\u27 workperformance

The genomic and bulked segregant analysis of \u3ci\u3eCurcuma alismatifolia\u3c/i\u3e revealed its diverse bract pigmentation

Compared with most flowers where the showy part comprises specialized leaves (petals) directly subtending the reproductive structures, most Zingiberaceae species produce showy ‘‘flowers’’ through modifications of leaves (bracts) subtending the true flowers throughout an inflorescence. Curcuma alismatifolia, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, a plant species originating from Southeast Asia, has become increasingly popular in the flower market worldwide because of its varied and esthetically pleasing bracts produced in different cultivars. Here, we present the chromosome-scale genome assembly of C. alismatifolia ‘‘Chiang Mai Pink’’ and explore the underlying mechanisms of bract pigmentation. Comparative genomic analysis revealed C. alismatifolia contains a residual signal of wholegenome duplication. Duplicated genes, including pigment-related genes, exhibit functional and structural differentiation resulting in diverse bract colors among C. alismatifolia cultivars. In addition, we identified the key genes that produce different colored bracts in C. alismatifolia, such as F3\u275’H, DFR, ANS and several transcription factors for anthocyanin synthesis, as well as chlH and CAO in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway by conducting transcriptomic analysis, bulked segregant analysis using both DNA and RNA data, and population genomic analysis. This work provides data for understanding the mechanism of bract pigmentation and will accelerate breeding in developing novel cultivars with richly colored bracts in C. alismatifolia and related species. It is also important to understand the variation in the evolution of the Zingiberaceae family

Digital Gene Expression Analysis Based on <i>De Novo</i> Transcriptome Assembly Reveals New Genes Associated with Floral Organ Differentiation of the Orchid Plant <i>Cymbidium ensifolium</i>

<div><p><i>Cymbidium ensifolium</i> belongs to the genus <i>Cymbidium</i> of the orchid family. Owing to its spectacular flower morphology, <i>C</i>. <i>ensifolium</i> has considerable ecological and cultural value. However, limited genetic data is available for this non-model plant, and the molecular mechanism underlying floral organ identity is still poorly understood. In this study, we characterize the floral transcriptome of <i>C</i>. <i>ensifolium</i> and present, for the first time, extensive sequence and transcript abundance data of individual floral organs. After sequencing, over 10 Gb clean sequence data were generated and assembled into 111,892 unigenes with an average length of 932.03 base pairs, including 1,227 clusters and 110,665 singletons. Assembled sequences were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology, clusters of orthologous group terms, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and the plant transcription factor database. From these annotations, 131 flowering-associated unigenes, 61 <i>CONSTANS-LIKE</i> (<i>COL</i>) unigenes and 90 floral homeotic genes were identified. In addition, four digital gene expression libraries were constructed for the sepal, petal, labellum and gynostemium, and 1,058 genes corresponding to individual floral organ development were identified. Among them, eight MADS-box genes were further investigated by full-length cDNA sequence analysis and expression validation, which revealed two <i>APETALA1/AGL9</i>-like MADS-box genes preferentially expressed in the sepal and petal, two <i>AGAMOUS</i>-like genes particularly restricted to the gynostemium, and four <i>DEF</i>-like genes distinctively expressed in different floral organs. The spatial expression of these genes varied distinctly in different floral mutant corresponding to different floral morphogenesis, which validated the specialized roles of them in floral patterning and further supported the effectiveness of our <i>in silico</i> analysis. This dataset generated in our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying floral patterning of <i>Cymbidium</i> and supports a valuable resource for molecular breeding of the orchid plant.</p></div

The length distribution of assembled unigenes.

<p>The x-axis represents the sequence length in base pairs. The y-axis represents the unigenes number.</p

The quantitative RT-PCR analysis of gene expression in sepals, petals, labellums and gynostemiums.

<p>The y-axis indicates fold change in expression among the samples. The Lg (Relative Quantitation) of the genes in the sepals was calibrated as zero. Error bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean (SD) (n = 3). Three replicates were analyzed, with similar results. a, b, and c, d, one way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test significant at P<0.05 between two of the individual floral organs sepal, petal, Labellum, gynostemium.</p

Sequence comparison of the DEF-like genes of <i>C</i>. <i>ensifolium</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>equestris</i>.

<p>Amino acid sequences were aligned by the ClustalW 2.0. The MADS-, I-, K-, and C-domains are indicated on top of the column.</p

Tissue-specific genes revealed from DGE expression of various flower organs.

<p>Tissue-specific genes revealed from DGE expression of various flower organs.</p

Transcripts differentially expressed between different floral organs.

<p>Up- and down-regulated transcripts were quantified. The results of six comparisons between each two samples are shown. 1, sepal; 2, petal; 3, Labellum; 4, gynostemium.</p

Transcription factors differentially expressed among different floral organs.

<p>Up- and down-regulated transcripts were quantified. The results of six comparisons between each two samples are shown. 1, sepal; 2, petal; 3, Labellum; 4, gynostemium.</p