Obstacles to measuring global output gaps

Monetary policymakers pay close attention to levels of resource use. In the past, the focus was largely on domestic slack. Now, some analysts contend the ongoing process of globalization requires policymakers to look at global slack as well.

How labor market policies shape immigrants’ opportunities

When it comes to unemployment and labor force participation rates, immigrants do better in the United States than in most other countries. In 2005, for example, the foreign-born had average unemployment of 4.6 percent in the U.S., well below native-born workers’ 5.2 percent. U.S. immigrants also had higher participation rates. The American experience stands in stark contrast to many other developed nations’. In France and Germany, for example, the foreign-born typically have jobless rates twice as high as native-born workers and lower participation rates. ; What accounts for these differences? Most studies attribute poor labor market outcomes to the immigrants themselves—their education levels, language skills, inexperience, family composition and reasons for migrating. Immigrant characteristics surely matter, but so do the host country’s labor market institutions and policies.Immigrants ; Labor policy ; Employment

Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts for the United States: Draft SNA-USA

This paper presents integrated macroeconomic accounts for the United States for the period 1985 to 2002 and discusses issues related to their construction and use. Specifically, it focuses on tying together the national income and product accounts (NIPAs) and international transaction accounts (ITA) published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the flow of funds accounts (FFA) published by the Federal Reserve Board. The paper provides integrated accounts for seven sectors: households and nonprofit organizations serving households, nonfinancial non-corporate businesses, nonfinancial corporate businesses, financial businesses, federal government, state and local governments, and the rest of the world. Each sector table has a full complement of accounts: current accounts (production and income accounts), accumulation accounts (capital account, financial account, and other changes in volume account), revaluation account, and balance sheet account. As a result, the sector statements trace the factors leading to changes in sector net worth. Relative to current publications of the two agencies, the tables go quite a bit further toward providing for the United States the sequence of accounts suggested in the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93), the recognized international standard. The tables use official data as of June 10, 2004; however, a few series have been created by the authors, and they are unofficial preliminary estimates at this time.

Is race or ethnicity associated with under‐utilization of statins among women in the United States: The study of women's health across the nation

BackgroundRates of statin use among minority women are unclear.HypothesisWe hypothesized that statin use would vary by race/ethnicity with lower rates among minority women compared with Whites.MethodsData from the study of women’s health across the nation, a multiethnic cohort of women collected between 2009 to 2011 were used to examine reported statin use by race/ethnicity and risk profile. Multivariable logistic modeling was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of statin treatment.ResultsOf the 2399 women included, 234 had a diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease (ASCVD), 254 were diabetic (without ASCVD), 163 had an LDL - ¥190- mg/dL, and 151 had a 10 year ASCVD pooled risk score - ¥7.5%. Statins were used by 49.6% of women with CVD; 59.8% of women with diabetes without known ASCVD; 42.3% of women with an LDL - ¥190- mg/dL; and 19.9% of women with an ASCVD risk - ¥7.5%. Rates of statin use were 43.8% for women with - ¥ two prior ASCVD events and 69.4% for women with - ¥ one prior ASCVD event plus multiple high- risk conditions. Among women eligible for statins, Black women had a significantly reduced adjusted odds of being on a statin (OR 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36- 0.78) compared with White women.ConclusionsIn this cohort of multiethnic women, rates of statin use among women who would benefit were low, with Black women having lower odds of statin use than White women.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163875/1/clc23448_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163875/2/clc23448.pd

Is race or ethnicity associated with under- utilization of statins among women in the United States: The study of women’s health across the nation

BackgroundRates of statin use among minority women are unclear.HypothesisWe hypothesized that statin use would vary by race/ethnicity with lower rates among minority women compared with Whites.MethodsData from the study of women’s health across the nation, a multiethnic cohort of women collected between 2009 to 2011 were used to examine reported statin use by race/ethnicity and risk profile. Multivariable logistic modeling was performed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of statin treatment.ResultsOf the 2399 women included, 234 had a diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease (ASCVD), 254 were diabetic (without ASCVD), 163 had an LDL - ¥190- mg/dL, and 151 had a 10 year ASCVD pooled risk score - ¥7.5%. Statins were used by 49.6% of women with CVD; 59.8% of women with diabetes without known ASCVD; 42.3% of women with an LDL - ¥190- mg/dL; and 19.9% of women with an ASCVD risk - ¥7.5%. Rates of statin use were 43.8% for women with - ¥ two prior ASCVD events and 69.4% for women with - ¥ one prior ASCVD event plus multiple high- risk conditions. Among women eligible for statins, Black women had a significantly reduced adjusted odds of being on a statin (OR 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36- 0.78) compared with White women.ConclusionsIn this cohort of multiethnic women, rates of statin use among women who would benefit were low, with Black women having lower odds of statin use than White women.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163875/1/clc23448_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/163875/2/clc23448.pd