Emission factor modelling for light vehicles within the European Artemis model

International audienceThe emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants. The results of these measurements are included in a database especially designed, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, so-called kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load

Emission factor modelling for light vehicles within the European Artemis model

International audienceThe emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants. The results of these measurements are included in a database especially designed, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, so-called kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load

Emission factor modelling and database for light vehicles - Artemis deliverable 3

In the frame of the Artemis project, the emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants, regulated and non regulated ones. The results of these measurements carried out by several European laboratories are included in a database especially designed, the Artemis LVEM database, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, socalled kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models need input kinematic data of variable complexity and are therefore adapted to different usages, for assessing national emissions, as far as for calculating the impact of a local traffic control. They are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load, as far as evaporation. The building methods of all these models and the data or models they are based on are presented, as far as the models themselves

Emission factor modelling and database for light vehicles - Artemis deliverable 3

In the frame of the Artemis project, the emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants, regulated and non regulated ones. The results of these measurements carried out by several European laboratories are included in a database especially designed, the Artemis LVEM database, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, socalled kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models need input kinematic data of variable complexity and are therefore adapted to different usages, for assessing national emissions, as far as for calculating the impact of a local traffic control. They are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load, as far as evaporation. The building methods of all these models and the data or models they are based on are presented, as far as the models themselves

An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors

An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of automotive NOx concentration sensors is presented. Steps in start of injection on a diesel engine are employed to achieve step-like NOx concentration variations on exhaust flow. On the basis of the sensor response, delay and dynamic response can be easily identified; the paper shows a simple least squares procedure although other models and identification techniques could be used. Application data is presented for three NOx sensors: a research-grade chemiluminescence exhaust gas analyser, and two different commercial ZrO2-based sensors. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.The authors thanks R. Lujan and G. Couture for their valuable contribution in the experimental part of the present work. This work has been partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia through Project PLANUCO No. TRA2006-15620-C02-02.Galindo, J.; Serrano Cruz, JR.; Guardiola, C.; Blanco-Rodriguez, D.; Cuadrado, I. (2011). An on-engine method for dynamic characterisation of NOx concentration sensors. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 35(3):470-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2010.11.010S47047635

Development of a methodology for the determination of vehicle emissions by real time measurement

The need of better understanding and further improvement of the operation of modern low emission vehicles has drawn the attention on fast response time resolved emission measurements. The Constant Volume Sampling system (CVS), which is the main setup described by the European Union legislation for the sampling, dilution and measurement of motor vehicle tailpipe emissions over a certain driving cycle, can provide such data. The time resolution of the recorded data though is low due to design limitations of such systems. Transport delays in tubes, mixing and dispersion phenomena etc. are responsible for smoothening and distortion of the original emission signal. Aim of the current thesis is to develop a model to compensate for all these distortion sources, by taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the system. The problem was approached with purely mathematical tools derived from system theory. The CVS system was approached as a combination of different subsystems in series, that were individually modelled due to the specific design and flow characteristics of each. The parameters of each subsystem were estimated using measurements of the subsystem response to known and controlled artificial emission step inputs. The model of each subsystem was inverted and a specifically designed filter was applied to compensate for the noise of the inverted signal. The final model was designed such as to be applicable to already available or future measurements performed on the modelled setup. The model is also applicable on similar exhaust gas sampling and measurement setups with the need of specific system parameter identification measurements. The performance of the final model was evaluated compared against a sophisticated ultra fast response analyzer over a transient driving cycle. The model was proven to be able to reproduce the original signal with high accuracy. Furthermore, applications of the model on measurement devices that are used in series or parallel to the CVS setup were also presented. The methodology was able to reveal phenomena related to gaseous and particulate emission measurements that could not be revealed due to the limited time resolution of the original measurement output.Η ανάγκη καλύτερης κατανόησης και περαιτέρω βελτίωσης της λειτουργίας των σύγχρονων οχημάτων χαμηλών εκπομπών δημιούργησε το ενδιαφέρον για μετρήσεις εκπομπών υψηλής χρονικής απόκρισης. Το σύστημα δειγματοληψίας καυσαερίου σταθερού όγκου (CVS), το οποίο αποτελεί τη βασική διάταξη που περιγράφεται από τη νομοθεσία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για τη δειγματοληψία, αραίωση και μέτρηση των εκπομπών ρύπων των οχημάτων σε συγκεκριμένο κύκλο οδήγησης, παρέχει τέτοιου είδους δεδομένα. Η χρονική ανάλυση των καταγραφόμενων δεδομένων ωστόσο, είναι χαμηλή εξαιτίας περιορισμών του σχεδιασμού τέτοιων συστημάτων. Καθυστέρηση λόγω μεταφοράς σε αγωγούς, φαινόμενα ανάμιξης και διάχυσης κλπ. ευθύνονται για την εξομάλυνση και αλλοίωση του αρχικού σήματος εκπομπής. Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου για την αντιμετώπιση όλων αυτών των πηγών αλλοίωσης, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη δυναμική συμπεριφορά του συστήματος. Το πρόβλημα προσεγγίστηκε με καθαρά μαθηματικά εργαλεία της θεωρίας συστημάτων. Το σύστημα CVS αντιμετωπίστηκε σαν συνδυασμός διαφορετικών υποσυστημάτων σε σειρά, τα οποία προσομοιώθηκαν ξεχωριστά εξαιτίας των διαφορετικών χαρακτηριστικών σχεδιασμού και ροής του καθενός. Οι παράμετροι κάθε υποσυστήματος προσδιορίστηκαν με χρήση μετρήσεων της απόκρισης του υποσυστήματος σε γνωστές και ελεγχόμενες βηματικές εισόδους συγκέντρωσης ρύπου. Το μοντέλο του κάθε υποσυστήματος αντιστράφηκε και ένα ειδικά σχεδιασμένο φίλτρο εφαρμόστηκε για να αντισταθμίσει το θόρυβο του αντεστραμμένου σήματος. Το τελικό μοντέλο σχεδιάστηκε έτσι ώστε να είναι εφαρμόσιμο τόσο σε ήδη διαθέσιμες μετρήσεις όσο και σε μελλοντικές μετρήσεις στην προσομοιωμένη διάταξη. Το μοντέλο είναι εφαρμόσιμο επίσης σε παρόμοιες διατάξεις δειγματοληψίας και μέτρησης καυσαερίου με την πραγματοποίηση συγκεκριμένων μετρήσεων ταυτοποίησης των παραμέτρων του συστήματος. Η απόδοση του τελικού μοντέλου αξιολογήθηκε συγκρινόμενη με έναν αναλυτή υπερταχείας απόκρισης τελευταίας τεχνολογίας σε μεταβατικό κύκλο οδήγησης. Αποδείχθηκε ότι το μοντέλο είναι ικανό να αναπαράγει το αρχικό σήμα με υψηλή ακρίβεια. Επιπλέον, παρουσιάστηκαν εφαρμογές του μοντέλου σε μετρητικές συσκευές που χρησιμοποιούνται σε σειρά ή παράλληλα με τη διάταξη CVS. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία ήταν ικανή να αποκαλύψει φαινόμενα σχετικά με τη μέτρηση αέριων και σωματιδιακών εκπομπών που δεν ήταν δυνατό να αποκαλυφθούν εξαιτίας της περιορισμένης χρονικής ανάλυσης του αποτελέσματος της αρχικής μέτρηση

A Novel Versatile Methodology for the Assessment of the Effects of Alternative Fuels on Engine Durability

AbstractSince the introduction of first generation biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, FAME) at blending rates in diesel of up to 7% vol., concerns were raised regarding engine component durability. The deposition rate on engine components appears to be related to specific biodiesel characteristics, not included in the EN14214 standard. This paper describes a test method developed that is able to predict the effects of specific fuels on engine components that are not possible to be revealed by initial fuel properties as tested according to fuel standards EN590 and EN14214. The method is able to simulate long engine operation within a feasible test duration with controllable acceleration of involved phenomena and in a cost effective manner including the use of limited amount of fuel and only engine components affected by the fuel degradation. The paper presents the developed method, the experimental setup configuration, fuel treatment, key operating conditions and operating protocol of the main test. Test results are being presented for both current market fuels of different characteristics as regards FAME content and presence of detergent additives as well as for experimental and reference fuel blends developed for the assessment of possible future fuels and fuel injection system configurations. The paper concludes that the specific method is able to provide information on the applicability and possible durability issues associated with the use of alternative fuels and advanced fuel injection system technologies under consideration and is a candidate to be implemented as a future fuel standard

Challenges and error propagation of PM sensor-based DPF diagnostics

Monitoring the filtration efficiency of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), is a legislative requirement for minimizing PM emissions from diesel engines of passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. To reach this target On Board Diagnostics (OBD) implementation in real-time operation is necessary. These systems in passenger cars are often utilizing a PM sensor, models for PM emissions simulation and algorithms for diagnosis. Their performance is associated with a series of challenges related with the accuracy and effectiveness of involved models, algorithms and hardware. This paper analyzes the main influencing factors and their impact on the effectiveness of the OBD system. Error propagation analysis is being performed to quantify the error of detection. The comparison results in conclusions on the performance of the sensor based OBD model and its ability to fulfil legislative requirements