Statistics of reversible bond dynamics observed in force-clamp spectroscopy

We present a detailed analysis of two-state trajectories obtained from force-clamp spectroscopy (FCS) of reversibly bonded systems. FCS offers the unique possibility to vary the equilibrium constant in two-state kinetics, for instance the unfolding and refolding of biomolecules, over many orders of magnitude due to the force dependency of the respective rates. We discuss two different kinds of counting statistics, the event-counting usually employed in the statistical analysis of two-state kinetics and additionally the so-called cycle-counting. While in the former case all transitions are counted, cycle-counting means that we focus on one type of transitions. This might be advantageous in particular if the equilibrium constant is much larger or much smaller than unity because in these situations the temporal resolution of the experimental setup might not allow to capture all transitions of an event-counting analysis. We discuss how an analysis of FCS data for complex systems exhibiting dynamic disorder might be performed yielding information about the detailed force-dependence of the transition rates and about the time scale of the dynamic disorder. In addition, the question as to which extent the kinetic scheme can be viewed as a Markovian two-state model is discussed.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figures, Phys. Rev. E, in pres

Linguistic means of representation of the concept "city" in Russian language (on the basis of Russian tourists reviews about China)

Настоящее исследование посвящено анализу языковой репрезентации лингвокультурного концепта «город» в отзывах российских туристов о Китае. Актуальность работы определяется продуктивностью антропоцентрического подхода к описанию языка, усилением внимания и потребностью современного языкознания в исследовании ключевых концептов культуры, к которым относится и описываемый концепт «город», представляющий собой одну из глобальных ментальных единиц в составе русской концептосферы. В ходе исследования применялся метод научного описания, позволивший выявить структуру концепта, описать микроконцепты, его составляющие, - древний город, современный город и город-сад (пляжный город), а также языковые средства, объективирующие данное лингвокультурное образование в жанре отзыва. The present study focuses on the analysis of language representation of linguocultural concept “city” in a review of Russian tourists about China. The relevance of the paper is determined by the productivity of anthropocentric approach to language description, increased attention and the need of modern linguistics in the study of the key concepts of the culture to which relates the described concept “city”, which is one of the global mental units within the Russian sphere of concepts. As part of the study the method of scientific description was used to discover and clarify the concept of structure, describe microconcepts, its components - the ancient city, the modern city and city-garden (beach town) as well as linguistic means, objectifying this linguocultural education in the genre of comment

On the nature of amorphous polymorphism of water

We report elastic and inelastic neutron scattering experiments on different amorphous ice modifications. It is shown that an amorphous structure (HDA') indiscernible from the high-density phase (HDA), obtained by compression of crystalline ice, can be formed from the very high-density phase (vHDA) as an intermediate stage of the transition of vHDA into its low-density modification (LDA'). Both, HDA and HDA' exhibit comparable small angle scattering signals characterizing them as structures heterogeneous on a length scale of a few nano-meters. The homogeneous structures are the initial and final transition stages vHDA and LDA', respectively. Despite, their apparent structural identity on a local scale HDA and HDA' differ in their transition kinetics explored by in situ experiments. The activation energy of the vHDA-to-LDA' transition is at least 20 kJ/mol higher than the activation energy of the HDA-to-LDA transition

St. John's Daily Star, 1920-04-07

The St. John's Daily Star was published daily except Sunday between 17 April 1915 - 23 July 1921