Changes in some physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of irradiated meatballs during storage

Meatball samples were irradiated using a Co-60 irradiation source (with the dose of 1, 3, 5 and 7 kGy) and stored (1, 2 and 3 weeks at 4A degrees C) to appraise some physicochemical properties and the fatty acid composition. The physicochemical results showed no significant differences in moisture, protein, fat and ash content of meatballs because of irradiation. However, total acidity, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased significantly as a result of irradiation doses and storage period. The fatty acid profile in meatball samples changed with irradiation. While saturated fatty acids (C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, and C20:0) increased with irradiation, monounsaturated (C14:1, C15:1, C18:1, and C20:1) and polyunsaturated (C18:2, C18:3, and C22:2) fatty acids decreased with irradiation. Trans fatty acids (C16:1trans, C18:1trans, C18:2trans, C18:3trans) increased with increasing irradiation doses. Meatball samples irradiated at 7 kGy had the highest total trans fatty acid content. This research shows that some physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of meatballs can be changed by gamma irradiation

Bleaching Process of Sunflower Oil by Using Bentonite Activated with Different Chemical Substances

In this research, activation process took place in different times by using different concentration of H2SO4, HCl and H3PO4 solutions were used to define the proper acid activation circumstances for neutral bentonite clay from Thrace region. Moreover, the acid active clays were used in bleaching of crude sunflower oil. Before and after the bleaching process, absorbance values of sunflower oil had been noted and with the help of the information the bleaching efficiency of the absorbents was calculated and compared with commercial clay. In the process of bleaching crude sunflower oil with the activated clays and the commercial clay, adsorbent concentration, the heat treatment, the time's effects on bleaching efficiency were analyzed. Optimum adsorbent concentration, temperature and time are found as 1 %, 80 degrees C, 20 min, respectively. For the bleaching process which contained acid activated clay and commercial bleaching earths, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherms were analyzed. To sum up, in the chosen time and the concentration, it has been found out that clay activated with H2SO4 and HCl has better values than commercial clay

Effects of storage and industrial oilseed extraction methods on the quality and stability characteristics of crude sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus L.)

The influence of industrial oilseed extraction methods on the quality and stability of crude sunflower oil (pre-pressed, solvent-extracted, full-pressed and mixed oils) was studied by means of the determination of free fatty acids, peroxide value, color value, iron, phosphorus, total and individual tocopherol contents, their stability against oxidation (Rancimat induction time) and the fatty acid composition with special emphasis on trans fatty acids. In addition, these crude oils were stored for a period of four months at 40 +/- 2 degrees C and analyzed at monthly intervals for free fatty acids, peroxide value, and Rancimat induction time to evaluate their storage stability. The results revealed that the crude sunflower oils obtained by the full-pressed extraction method had worse quality and stability parameters than the crude oils obtained by other extraction methods. Tocopherol content showed a drastic decrease with full-pressed extraction. Also, the crude sunflower oils obtained by the full-pressed extraction presented a higher total trans fatty acid content than the others. On the contrary, the solvent extraction method influenced the phosphorus and iron contents more than the others. The results indicated, however, that pre-pressing the oil appeared to be better than other methods. This study suggests that it is absolutely necessary for the vegetable oil industry to reevaluate the full pressing method as well as the solvent extraction conditions used for sunflowerseeds in order to retain both nutritive value and oxidative stability.Trakya UniversityTrakya University [TUBAP-465]This work was supported by the Trakya University Scientific Research Projects Fund (Project no. TUBAP-465)

Multi-criteria Decision-making Technique Approach to Assess the Microbial Quality and Safety of Fresh-cut Salads Sold at Retail in Istanbul, Turkey

The goal of this study was to investigate the microbial quality and safety of fresh-cut salads sold in restaurants that were located at Esenler, Fatih, Besiktas, Uskudar, Kadikoy and Umraniye in Istanbul, Turkey. In total, 180 samples were assayed for microbiological analysis including enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic (TMAB), aerobic psychotropic (AP) bacteria, yeast and mold (YM), fecal coliforms bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, isolation of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Meanwhile, a coagulase test was conducted out for S. aureus. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS)-based multi-criteria decision-making technique (MCDM) approach was used to rank six districts in terms of microbial count. The enumeration of TMAB in Esenler, Fatih and Besiktas ranged from 4.34 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1), 3.69 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1 )and 4.05 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1), respectively. However, the enumeration of TMAB in Uskudar, Kadikoy and Umraniye ranged from 2.57 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1), 4.01 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1 )and 4.24 to >7.48 log CFU g(-1 )respectively. The enumeration of AP, YM and S. aureus ranged from 2.00 to >7.48 log CFU 2.00 to >7.48 and 2.00 to 6.13 log CFU g(-1), respectively. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were found in 43 samples. When total coliforms counts were calculated for the samples, Esenler had the highest count (3588.1 MPN/g). The highest and lowest count of fecal coliform was found in Esenler and Fatih, respectively. E. coli was isolated 7.22% in samples. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were not found in any of the samples. According to TOPSIS, Esenler had very bad values of TMAB and AP, S. aureus, coliform and fecal coliform. As for YM, Fatih had the worst scores. Uskudar was found as the best district considering the count of all microbial groups. On the other hand, it has been discovered that the microbial safety of fresh-cut salads sold in Istanbul is adequate for consumption.Namik Kemal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department [NKUBAP.00.24, YL.13.06]This research was financially assisted by Namik Kemal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department, project number NKUBAP.00.24.YL.13.06. This article is produced from M.S. thesis of Gulsum UCAK

Evaluation of PCR results in the diagnosis of epstein-barr virus infections

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), öncelikle enfeksiyöz mononükleoz ve ayrıca çeşitli lenfomalar ve posttransplant lenfoproliferatif hastalığın (PTLD) etiyolojisinden sorumlu, latent enfeksiyon oluşturan bir herpes virustur. EBV enfeksiyonlarının laboratuvar tanısı; atipik lenfositlerin, heterofil antikorların, virusun kapsid antijeni (VCA), nükleer antijeni (EBNA) ve erken antijeni (EA)'ne karşı oluşan özgül antikorların ve viral DNA'nın saptanmasına dayanır. Ülkemizde yetişkin popülasyondaki seropozitiflik oranının çok yüksek (%80-95) olması nedeniyle, transplant alıcıları veya onkoloji hastaları gibi özellikle immünsüpresif hasta gruplarında EBV reaktivasyonunun belirlenmesinde rutin serolojik testler yetersiz kalabilir. Bu gibi durumlarda VCA IgG avidite testi ve moleküler yöntemlerden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, renal transplant ve çocuk onkoloji hastalarında EBV enfeksiyonlarının tanı ve takibinde serolojik yöntemlerin yanı sıra gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (Rt-PCR) ile viral DNA düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, 62 erişkin renal transplant alıcısı, 37 çocuk onkoloji hastası ile EBV seropozitif immün kompetan sağlıklı 50 birey (28'i çocuk, 22'si erişkin) dahil edilmiştir. Transplant alıcılarından transplantasyon öncesi bir kez, transplantasyon sonrası üç kez (birinci hafta, birinci ay ve üçüncü ay) olmak üzere toplam dört kez; çocuk onkoloji hastalarından tedavi öncesi bir kez, immünsüpresif tedaviye başlandıktan sonra üç kez (birinci ay, üçüncü ay ve altıncı ay) olmak üzere toplam dört kez; kontrol grubundan ise bir kez kan örneği alınmıştır. Serum örneklerinde EBV serolojik profilleri Paul-Bunnel ve immünoblot testleri ile; VCA IgG avidite testi ELISA ile ve EBV-DNA düzeyi Rt-PCR yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Renal transplant grubundaki hastaların 3 (%4.8)'ünde EBV-DNA pozitif bulunmuştur. Bu hastalarda CD4/CD8 oranları transplantasyon öncesi değerlerine göre transplantasyon sonrası birinci hafta ve üçüncü ayda anlamlı olarak düşük bulunmakla birlikte PTLD ve organ reddi gelişmemiştir. Çocuk onkoloji grubundaki hastaların 3 (%8.1)'ünde EBV-DNA pozitif bulunmuş; bu durum Hodgkin lenfoma tanısıyla takip edilen iki çocukta hastalık, diğerinde ise reaktivasyon ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Kontrol grubundaki olguların ise 10 (%20)'unda EBV-DNA pozitifliği tespit edilmiştir. İmmünoblot sonuçları akut enfeksiyon serolojisi ile uyumlu olan erişkin kontrol olgularında EBV-DNA pozitifliği, Paul-Bunnel pozitifliği ve düşük avidite sonuçları arasındaki uyum istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Çocuk kontrol grubunda ise bu serolojik profil ile sadece düşük avidite arasındaki uyum anlamlı kabul edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada erişkin renal transplant hastalarında transplantasyonu takip eden üç aylık dönemde EBV ile ilişkili PTLD ve akut rejeksiyon riskinin bulunmadığı; EBV ile ilişkili malignitesi bulunan çocuklarda tedavi öncesi Rt-PCR ile EBV-DNA araştırılmasının tanı, takip ve prognozu değerlendirmede yararlı olabileceği; immünsüpresif hastalarda EBV reaktivasyonunu saptamak için serolojik sonuçların avidite ve PCR testleri ile desteklenmesi gerektiği düşünülmüştür.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus leading to latent infections, is principally responsible for infectious mononucleosis, and also plays role in the etiology of various lymphomas and post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Laboratory diagnosis of EBV infections depends on the detection of atypical lymphocytes, heterophile antibodies, specific antibodies against viral capsid (VCA), nuclear (EBNA) and early (EA) antigens, and of the viral DNA. Since the seropositivity rate in adult population is very high (80-95%) in our country, routine serologic tests may be insufficient to characterize EBV reactivation in immunosuppressive subjects, such as transplant recipients or oncology patients. In those cases VCA IgG avidity test and molecular methods are more useful. This study was conducted to determine the role of viral DNA levels detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) and serological tests for the diagnosis and follow up of EBV infections in renal transplant recipients and pediatric oncology patients. A total of 62 adult renal transplant recipients, 37 children with oncological diseases, and 50 EBV-seropositive immunocompetent healthy subjects (28 children, 22 adults) as controls, were included in the study. Four blood samples, once before transplantation and three times thereafter (at first week, first and third months) were collected from transplant recipients; in pediatric oncology patients blood samples were collected four times, once before immunosuppressive treatment and three times thereafter (at first, third and sixth months), while the control group had a single blood sample collected. Serological profiles for EBV were searched by Paul-Bunnel and immunoblotting tests; VCA IgG avidity by ELISA and viral load by Rt-PCR. EBV-DNA was found positive in 3 (4.8%) of the renal transplant patients. While in these patients the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly lowered in the first week and third month post-transplant, no PTLD or organ rejection developed. EBV-DNA was positive in 3 (8.1%) of the pediatric oncology patients. This positivity was attributed to Hodgkin's disease in two of these cases and to reactivation in the third case. EBV-DNA positivity was present in 10 (20%) of the control subjects. In the adult controls whose immunoblot results were compatible with the serologic pattern of an acute infection, the correlation among positive EBV-DNA, positive Paul-Bunnel and low IgG avidity results was statistically significant. As for children in the control group, this serologic profile was significantly correlated with low IgG avidity only. The data obtained from this study indicated that no risk of EBV-related PTLD or acute rejection was found in the first three months in the adult renal transplant patients. In children with EBV-related malignancy the search for EBV-DNA by RtPCR before therapy may be useful in the diagnosis, follow-up and prognostic evaluation. Serologic results should be supported by IgG avidity and PCR in order to ascertain the presence of EBV reactivation in immunosuppressive patients

Bioactive Properties, Fatty Acid Composition and Mineral Contents of Grape Seed and Oils

The oil content of grape seed samples changed between 4.53% (Adakarası) and 11.13% (Sauvignon blanc). While the linoleic acid contents of grape seed oils ranged from 47.34% (Sangiovese) to 72.91% (Cinsaut), the oleic acid contents varied between 13.35% (Cabernet Sauvignon) and 26.30% (Sangiovese) (p < 0.05). Also, the palmitic acid and stearic acid contents of grape seed oils ranged from 7.15% (Cinsaut) to 16.06% (Sangiovese) and from 2.43% (Narince) to 6.55% (Sangiovese) respectively (p < 0.05). The flavonoid contents of the seeds changed between 263.53 (mg CE/g) and 1 706.00 (mg CE/g) (Cabernet Sauvignon). Total phenols were found to be between 6 711.14 (mg GA/g extract) (Sangiovese) and 8 818.69 (mg GA/g extract) (Narince). The linoleic contents of oils changed from between 47.34% (Sangiovese) and 72.91% (Cinsaut). The K contents of the grape seed samples changed between 4 347.80 mg/kg (Cabernet Sauvignon) and 9 492.60 mg/kg (Gamay) (p < 0.05). The Fe contents of seeds were found to be between 29.96 mg/kg (Narince) and 73.82 mg/kg (Sangiovese). As a result, the current study shows that grape seeds are useful for human nutrition due to their components

Physicochemical Properties of Sumac (Rhus Coriaria L.) Fruit

DergiPark: 826944tujesBu araştırmada sumak meyvelerinin bazı fizikokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma materyali olarak, Edirne’nin Keşan ilçesine bağlı Sazlıdere Köyü’nde doğal olarak yetişen sumak bitkileri seçilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda sumak meyvesinin kuru madde oranı ve ham yağ oranı sırasıyla % 96.17 ve % 24.58 olarak bulunmuştur. Yağ asiti bileşimleri incelendiğinde sumak meyvesinin temel yağ asitlerinin oleik asit (% 43.43), linoleik asit (% 30.34 ) ve palmitik asit (% 22.22) olduğu görülmüştür. Serbest yağ asitliği, peroksit sayısı, fenolik madde miktarı ve antioksidan aktivite değerleri sırasıyla % 2.85, 7.09 meqO2/kg, 1470.0 mg GAE/kg yağ ve (EC50) değerinin 84.93 mg/ml olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sumak yağının sterol ve tokoferol kompozisyonları incelendiğinde, en fazla bulunan sterolün ?-sitosterol (% 78.51) ve en fazla bulunan tokoferol izomerinin ise ?-tokoferol (374.24 mg/kg) olduğu belirlenmiştir.In this study, some physicochemical properties of sumac fruits were investigated. Sumac plants grown naturally in Sazlıdere Village of Keşan district of Edirne were selected as research material. As a result of the analysis, the dry matter ratio and crude oil ratio of sumac fruit were found to be 96.17% and 24.58%, respectively. When the fatty acid compositions were examined, it was observed that the essential fatty acids of sumac fruit were oleic acid (43.43%), linoleic acid (30.34%) and palmitic acid (22.22%). Free fatty acidity, peroxide number, phenolic amount and antioxidant activity values were found to be 2.85%, 7.09 meqO2/kg, 1470.0 mg GAE/kg oil and (EC50) value 84.93 mg/ml, respectively. When the sterol and tocopherol compositions of sumac oil were examined, it was determined that the most abundant sterol was ?-sitosterol (78.51%) and the most abundant tocopherol was ?-tocopherol (374.24 mg/kg)

An Investigation on the Fatty Acid Compositions of Vegetable Blended Oils

Bu çalışmada, 15 farklı firmadan sağlanan bitkisel karışım sıvı yağlarının kapiler gaz-likit kromatografisi metodu ile belirlenen yağ asiti bileşimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, önemli miktarı C16:0 (%8,89–23,72) ve C18:0 (%2,53–4,39) olmak üzere toplam doymuş yağ asitleri %13,71–27,55 aralığında değişmektedir. Önemli oranı cis C18:2 (%45,75–63,04) ve cis C18:3 (%0,26–7,36) asitlerden oluşan toplam çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri ise %51,25–64,98 aralığında değişmektedir. Örneklerde cis C18:1 oranları %17,28–34,05 arasındadır. Toplam trans yağ asiti (trans C18:1, trans C18:2, trans C18:3) içerikleri %0,0–0,87’dir. Örneklerde C22:1 asit tespit edilmemiştir. Buna karşın, bitkisel karışım sıvı yağ üretiminde ağırlıklı olarak soya yağının kullanımı nedeniyle, 10 farklı firmaya ait örneklerin toplam C18:3 içerikleri %3,5 değerinden yüksek bulunmuştur.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid compositions of vegetable blended oils. Sample oils were obtained from 15 different companies. The fatty acid compositions were determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. According to the analysis results, the total saturated fatty acids ranged from 13.71-27.55% with the C16:0 being 8.89-23.72% and the C18:0 2.53-4.39%. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 51.25-64.98% with the cis C18:2 being 45.75-63.04% and the cis C18:3 0.26–7.36%. The cis C18:1 levels ranged from 17.28–34.05%. The ranges of total trans fatty acid contents (trans C18:1, trans C18:2, trans C18:3) were 0.0–0.87%. The C22:1 acid were absent in the sample oils. However, the sample oils produced by 10 different companies showed the total C18:3 content higher than 3.5%. It is clear from the results that the percentage of total C18:3 in the vegetable blended oils are significant because of the use of soybean oils in vegetable blended oil production

Determination of Bioactive Compounds and Mineral Contents of Seedless Parts and Seeds of Grapes

In this study, phenolic compounds, minerals, total flavonoids, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the seedless parts (pulp+skin) and seeds of table and wine grapes were determined. Also, the total oil, tocopherol contents and fatty acid composition of seed oils of table and wine grapes were investigated. The highest total phenolic content of the grape pulp was found in Trakya ilkeren (199.063mg/100 g), while total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of the pulp was determined at a high level in Red Globe (6.810 mg/g, 90.948%). Antioxidant activity, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of grape seeds varied between 86.688 and 90.974%, 421.563 and 490.625 mg GAE/100 g, and 90.595 and 145.595 mg/g respectively (p < 0.05). Generally, the main phenolic compounds of all grape pulps and seeds were gallic acid, 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid, (+)-catechin and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene. In addition, the oil contents of grape seeds ranged from 5.275 (Çavuş) to 13.881% (Çınarlı karası) (p < 0.05). The major fatty acids of grape seed oils were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid. The seed oil of the Trakya ilkeren variety was rich in tocopherols in comparison with the other varieties. The major minerals of both the seedless parts and the seeds were determined as K, Ca, P, S, Mg

Properties of Sumac Plant and Its Importance in Nutrition

Sumac is the common name of the Anacardiaceae family, belonging to the Rhus genus, with more than 250 species of flowering plants, and the most known among these species is Rhus coriaria. When the general characteristics of the Anacardiaceae family are examined, it is seen that there are plants in the form of bush or shrub, which find themselves naturally distributed in temperate and warm climates. Sumac can also grow in areas that are not suitable for agriculture, and this shows the potential for commercialization of sumac plants without competing for land uses. Sumac, a natural source of bioactive compounds%253B It has significant potential with components that can be used in many different fields such as organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. It also shows a strong antioxidant effect due to the phenolic compounds it contains, especially gallic acid and its derivatives. In the food industry, sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is used as a spice and sumac sour to give aroma and flavor in many dishes. It is also considered a valuable raw material for the food industry due to its bioactive components. Today, increasing the usage areas of sumac plant in the food sector and knowing its contribution to human health are increasing the interest of consumers for sumac every day. In this review article, information is given about the properties of sumac plant and its importance in nutrition