Examination of Current AI Systems within the Scope of Right to Explanation and Designing Explainable AI Systems

This research aims to explore explainable artificial intelligence, a new sub field of artificial intelligence that is gaining importance in academic and business literature due to increased use of intelligent systems in our daily lives. As part of the research project, first of all, the necessity of the explainability in AI systems will be explained in terms of accountability, transparency, liability, and fundamental rights & freedoms. The latest explainable AI algorithms introduced by the AI researchers will be examined firstly from technical and then, from legal perspectives. Their statistical and legal competencies will be analyzed. After detecting the deficiencies of the current solutions, a comprehensive and technical AI system design will be proposed which satisfies not only the statistical requisites; but also the legal, ethical, and logical requisites

The Role of the Right to Explanation and Its Safeguards in the Realization of Trustworthy AI

This paper presents a relationship timeline diagram between the GDPR safeguards introduced to secure data subjects’ right to explanation and the ethical principles of the Trustworthy AI framework laid out by the High-Level Expert Group. To create the desired output, we initially analyze the articles of the GDPR that establishes the foundation of the right to explanation. Then, we cover the relevant safeguards enabled to secure the right to explanation that should be regarded as an umbrella concept. We analyze the seven ethical principles required for the realization of trustworthy AI and associate them with the relevant safeguards. Finally, a relationship timeline diagram is presented in which the relationship between the safeguards, the articles creating these safeguards, and the corresponding ethical principles protected with these safeguards are demonstrated

GDPR Compliant Data Processing and Privacy Preserving Technologies: A Literature Review on Notable Horizon 2020 Projects

This paper presents a practical literature review focusing on privacy preserving technologies and organizational measures developed and proposed for GDPR-compliant data processing. Based on the selected Horizon 2020 projects, it identifies the substantial data processing and big data challenges relevant to data protection and privacy. Then, it visits the prominent privacy preserving technologies and organizational measures addressing these challenges. Finally, it analyzes the focus areas of the selected projects, identifies the solution they propose, draws quantitative conclusions, and asserts recommendations for future projects

Governing algorithms in the big data era for balancing new digital rights - designing GDPR compliant and trustworthy XAI systems

This thesis investigates the legal, ethical, technical, and psychological issues of general data processing and artificial intelligence practices and the explainability of AI systems. It consists of two main parts. In the initial section, we provide a comprehensive overview of the big data processing ecosystem and the main challenges we face today. We then evaluate the GDPR’s data privacy framework in the European Union. The Trustworthy AI Framework proposed by the EU’s High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI HLEG) is examined in detail. The ethical principles for the foundation and realization of Trustworthy AI are analyzed along with the assessment list prepared by the AI HLEG. Then, we list the main big data challenges the European researchers and institutions identified and provide a literature review on the technical and organizational measures to address these challenges. A quantitative analysis is conducted on the identified big data challenges and the measures to address them, which leads to practical recommendations for better data processing and AI practices in the EU. In the subsequent part, we concentrate on the explainability of AI systems. We clarify the terminology and list the goals aimed at the explainability of AI systems. We identify the reasons for the explainability-accuracy trade-off and how we can address it. We conduct a comparative cognitive analysis between human reasoning and machine-generated explanations with the aim of understanding how explainable AI can contribute to human reasoning. We then focus on the technical and legal responses to remedy the explainability problem. In this part, GDPR’s right to explanation framework and safeguards are analyzed in-depth with their contribution to the realization of Trustworthy AI. Then, we analyze the explanation techniques applicable at different stages of machine learning and propose several recommendations in chronological order to develop GDPR-compliant and Trustworthy XAI systems

Applications of cognitive radio networks:recent advances and future directions

International audienc

Comparison of the Postoperative Mucociliary Clearance Time Between Patients who Underwent Septoplasty with and Without Nasal Packing

Objective:To compare the postoperative mucociliary clearance time in septoplasty with and without nasal packing.Methods:Forty-six patients with nasal septal deviation (20 women, 26 men) were assessed in this study. The patients underwent septoplasty under local anaesthesia. Patients were divided in two groups. Merocell® nasal packing was performed in both of the nasal passages for septum stabilization in the first group (28 patients). On the second postoperative day nasal packing was removed and salin irrigation solution was started. Transseptal suturing was performed for nasal stabilization in the second group and at the sixth postoperative hour saline irrigation solution was started. Saccarine clearance test was performed preoperatively and postoperatively at the 7th day, and 3th month and the results were compared.Results:In the treatment of 46 patients with a mean age of 20-53, in the first group; preoperative mucociliary clearance time on the deviated side was 12.2 minutes and on the opposite side was 13.1 minutes. In the second group, preoperative mucociliary clearance time on the deviated side was 11.9 minutes, and on the opposite side 12.8 minutes. In the first group, the postoperative 1th week mucociliary clearance time on the deviated side was 12.5 minutes and on the opposite side was 13.2 minutes and in the second group on the deviated side was 10.1 minutes, and on the opposite side was 10.8 minutes. In the first group, at the postoperative 3th month mucociliary clearance time on the deviated side was 11.6 minutes and on the opposite side was 11.4 minutes while in the second group on the deviated side was 6.7 minutes, and on the opposite side was 7.8 minutes.Conclusion:The postoperative mucociliary clearance time in patients treated for septal deviation were evaluated. We have determined that the mucociliary clearance time was longer in the patients that underwent septoplasty with nasal packing

Diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with generalized lymphadenopathy: a case report

Lenfadenopati (LAP), lenf dügümünün boyut ve karakterindeki anormallik olarak tanımlanır. Lenfadenopati neoplastik veya inflamatuar hücrelerin lenf nodunda çogalması veya lenf nodunu invazyonu sonucu olusabilir. Lenfadenopati genis bir hastalık tablosu sonucunda gelisebilir. Yaygın lenfadenopati sebepleri arasında enfeksiyonlar, otoimmun hastalıklar, malignensiler, histiyositozlar, depo hastalıkları, hiperplaziler ve ilaç etkilesimleri sayılabilir. Lenfadenopati etyolojisinde kollajen doku hastalıkları önemli yer tutmaktadır. En sık lenfadenopatiye neden olan otoimmun hastalıklar romatoid artrit, sistemik lupus eritematozis (SLE) ve Sjögren sendromudur. Bu olguda yaygın lenfadenopati nedeni ile arastırılan ve SLE tanısı alan bir olguyu sunduk. Lenfadenopati nedeniyle tetkik edilen hastalarda kollajen doku hastalıklarını ve özellikle de SLE'u göz önünde bulundurmamız gerektigini bu yazıda vurgulamak istedik.Lymphadenopathy (LAP) is defined as the abnormality in the size and character of lymph node. Lymphadenopathy emerges due to increase of inflammatory cells in lymph node or invasion of these cells in the lymph node. Lymphadenopathy may occur in any age group, in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients, and in a single site or at multiple sites. Causes of generalized lymphadenopathy include infections, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, histiocytoses, storage diseases, benign hyperplasia, and drug reactions. In LAP etiology, collagen tissue disorders hold an important place. The most common autoimmune causes of LAPare rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren syndrome. In this case, we presented a case which was investigated for generalized lymphadenopathy and diagnosed with SLE. SLE diagnosis should be considered in patients researched for lymphadenopathy etiology

Antivascular therapy of human follicular thyroid cancer experimental bone metastasis by blockade of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Vascular Growth Factor Receptor phosphorylation

Patients suffering from bone metastases of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC) have a poor prognosis because of the lack of effective treatment strategies. The overexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) associated with increased vascularity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of FTC and subsequent bone metastases. We hypothesized that inhibiting the phosphorylation of the EGFR and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) by AEE788, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR, in combination with paclitaxel would inhibit experimental FTC bone lesions and preserve bone structure. We tested this hypothesis using the human WRO FTC cell line. In culture, AEE788 inhibited the EGF-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR, VEGFR2, mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt in culture. AEE788, alone and in combination with paclitaxel, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis. When WRO cells were injected into the tibia of nude mice, tumor and endothelial cells within the lesions expressed phosphorylated EGFR, VEGFR, Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase that were inhibited by the oral administration of AEE788. Therapy consisting of orally given AEE788 and i.p. injected paclitaxel induced a high level of apoptosis in tumor-associated endothelial cells and tumor cells with the inhibition of tumor growth in the bone and the preservation of bone structure. Collectively, these data show that blocking the phosphorylation of EGFR and VEGFR with AEE788 combined with paclitaxel can significantly inhibit experimental human FTC in the bone of nude mice