25 research outputs found

    Plantation de chĂȘnes mĂ©diterranĂ©ens avec accompagnement ligneux : amĂ©lioration de la forme mais rĂ©duction de la croissance

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    Une plantation expĂ©rimentale de chĂȘnes (Q. ilex, Q. pubescens) avec un accompagnement ligneux de pin d’Alep et de coronille a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e afin d’analyser l’influence des espĂšces ligneuses accompagnatrices sur la survie, la croissance et la morphologie des chĂȘnes sur une pĂ©riode de sept annĂ©es. La vĂ©gĂ©tation au sol a Ă©tĂ©, soit enlevĂ©e, soit laissĂ©e en place, pour dĂ©tecter une Ă©ventuelle facilitation indirecte. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que ce sont les relations de compĂ©tition qui dominent. La survie est fortement rĂ©duite pour le chĂȘne blanc sous coronille en raison d’une interception forte de la lumiĂšre. Pour les deux chĂȘnes, la croissance est toujours plus forte dans les tĂ©moins que dans les traitements avec accompagnement, mĂȘme dans le systĂšme enherbĂ©. L’accompagnement avec pin d’Alep est cependant plus favorable que le traitement avec coronille pour le dĂ©veloppement initial des chĂȘnes. En revanche, la forme des chĂȘnes est amĂ©liorĂ©e par l’accompagnement : les plants sont plus Ă©lancĂ©s, prĂ©sentent un houppier moins large et un port moins buissonnant. Sur la base de ces rĂ©sultats, nous soulignons l’importance de bien identifier les objectifs poursuivis avant d’installer une plantation mixte (par exemple maximiser la croissance des espĂšces cibles, ou celle du mĂ©lange, amĂ©liorer la morphologie, etc.) et la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’une gestion active pour contrĂŽler les effets potentiels indĂ©sirables de la vĂ©gĂ©tation accompagnatrice sur les espĂšces cibles

    Semer les chĂȘnes mĂ©diterranĂ©ens (Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens) : pourquoi, comment et avec quelle rĂ©ussite ?

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    Le semis de glands de chĂȘne est une pratique trĂšs ancienne en rĂ©gion mĂ©diterranĂ©enne qui a Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©laissĂ©e au profit de la plantation. Dans cet article, nous proposons de faire le point sur cette technique et de la revisiter Ă  la lumiĂšre des rĂ©centes expĂ©rimentations qui ont Ă©tĂ© conduites plus particuliĂšrement dans le sud-est de la France et le nord de l’Espagne. Nous dĂ©crivons tout d’abord les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les inconvĂ©nients du semis par rapport Ă  la plantation. Puis, les principes de base de la rĂ©colte, du tri et de la conservation des glands sont exposĂ©s. AprĂšs avoir rappelĂ© les conditions d’installation sur le terrain, nous analysons ensuite la rĂ©ussite du semis en fonction des conditions de prĂ©dation par la faune sauvage (rongeurs, herbivores, sangliers) et des moyens mis en Ɠuvre pour s’en prĂ©munir. Enfin, nous prĂ©cisons l’influence des milieux sur la rĂ©ussite du semis et le rĂŽle jouĂ© par la vĂ©gĂ©tation ou les objets « nurse ». Pour conclure, nous soulignons l’intĂ©rĂȘt que reprĂ©sente cette technique pour la restauration des milieux et l’amĂ©lioration de leur rĂ©silience

    Installer des feuillus mĂ©diterranĂ©ens pour augmenter la rĂ©silience et diversifier les peuplements rĂ©sineux : rĂŽle du couvert forestier et influence de l’espĂšce

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    Notre Ă©tude a pour objectif de tester l’introduction de divers feuillus mĂ©diterranĂ©ens dans les peuplements rĂ©sineux monospĂ©cifiques de pin d’Alep afin d’accroitre leur diversitĂ© et leur rĂ©silience. Sept espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es, cinq ont Ă©tĂ© plantĂ©es (Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua, Fraxinus ornus, Pistacia terebinthus, Sorbus domestica) et deux semĂ©es (Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens). Les feuillus ont Ă©tĂ© introduits sous un gradient de fermeture de couvert selon quatre traitements : couvert dense, couvert moyen, couvert lĂ©ger et plein dĂ©couvert. La survie, la croissance et des paramĂštres de l’environnement (lumiĂšre, eau du sol, microclimat) ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que, Ă  l’exception du frĂȘne, la survie est la plus rĂ©duite dans les peuplements denses (couvert fermĂ©) en raison d’une limitation drastique de l’éclairement. Les espĂšces arborĂ©es, dĂ©cidues et malacophylles (frĂȘne et sorbier) prĂ©sentent un meilleur dĂ©veloppement sous les couverts forestiers moyens ou lĂ©gers qu’en plein dĂ©couvert oĂč elles subissent un processus de photoinhibition et des tempĂ©ratures extrĂȘmes. En revanche, les autres espĂšces, qui sont sempervirentes (Ă  l’exception du pistachier), plutĂŽt arbustives et aux feuilles coriaces montrent une tendance inverse. Ces rĂ©sultats permettent de mieux connaĂźtre les exigences Ă©cologiques de ces feuillus et leur utilisation dans des opĂ©rations de restauration ou d’enrichissement sous couvert forestier ou en dĂ©couvert

    Installation d’espĂšces feuillues en forĂȘt de pin d’Alep : interactions avec les strates arborĂ©es et arbustives

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    Seedling establishment is a critical demographic phase, strongly influenced by plant-plant interactions. This thesis shows that the effect of Aleppo pine and shrubs on broadleaved seedling establishment depends on vegetation cover density, target and nurse species strategies and local conditions. A dense vegetation cover strongly limits seedling establishment by a shortage of light and water resources, seedlings water stress being worsened by a low biomass allocation to roots. At the other extreme, in the open, photoinhibition and competition with grasses can limit seedling establishment. Sclerophyllous species are poorly sensitive to high temperature, irradiances and evaporative demand and can take advantage of favourable conditions at any time of the year by polycyclism: interactions with pine are thus mostly competitive. In contrast, deciduous species with high SLA are more sensitive to photo-inhibition and benefit from the protection of a moderate cover. In a nursery experiment, pine and shrub litters modified soil chemical and microbiological properties but without feedback on oak seedlings, indicating a poor allelopathic effect. Pine thinning is a strategy to enhance broadleaved seedling establishment and increase Mediterranean forest diversity and fire-resilience. However, the optimum thinning intensityInstallation d’espĂšces feuillues en forĂȘt de pin d’Alep : interactions avec les strates arborĂ©es et arbustives. L’installation de plantules est une phase critique fortement influencĂ©e par les interactions avec la vĂ©gĂ©tation Ă©tablie - compĂ©tition ou facilitation. Dans cette thĂšse, nous montrons que l’effet du pin d’Alep ou d'arbustes sur l’installation d’espĂšces feuillues dĂ©pend de la densitĂ© du couvert, de la stratĂ©gie des espĂšces cibles et nurses et des conditions locales. Sous couverts trĂšs denses, la survie et la croissance des plantules sont drastiquement limitĂ©es par compĂ©tition lumineuse et hydrique, le stress hydrique des plantules Ă©tant renforcĂ© par une faible allocation de biomasse vers les racines. À l’autre extrĂ©mitĂ© du gradient, en milieu ouvert, la photoinhibition et la concurrence avec les herbacĂ©es peuvent limiter l'installation des plantules. Les espĂšces sclĂ©rophylles sempervirentes sont peu sensibles aux fortes irradiances, tempĂ©ratures et demandes Ă©vaporatives et peuvent profiter de conditions favorables momentanĂ©es par polycyclisme. L’effet d’un couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal sur ces espĂšces est donc principalement compĂ©titif, tandis que les espĂšces dĂ©cidues Ă  fort SLA bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un couvert modĂ©rĂ© qui tamponne les extrĂȘmes. En pĂ©piniĂšre, la litiĂšre des principales espĂšces ligneuses modifie les propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques et microbiologiques du sol sous-jacent mais sans effet sur des plantules de chĂȘne au bout de 2 ans, montrant un faible effet allĂ©lopathique. L’éclaircie des peuplements de pin d’Alep denses est une stratĂ©gie pour faciliter l’installation d’espĂšces feuillues et ainsi amĂ©liorer la diversitĂ© et la rĂ©silience au feu des forĂȘts. L’optimum de couvert semble se dĂ©placer vers des couverts plus denses dans des sites Ă  conditions climatiques ou Ă©daphiques plus sĂ©vĂšres et pour les espĂšces dĂ©cidues

    Identifier les rÎles de l'émergence, la survie et la croissance dans une pinÚde en phase de régénération et soumise à des travaux du sol et de la végétation de différentes intensités

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    International audienceThe regeneration phase is often a critical step in population dynamics but it is still incompletely understood due to the intricacy and complexity of the factors concerned. We investigated the role played by emergence, survival and growth in the recruitment process of a mature Aleppo pine forest (Age: 90, basal area =12 m2/ha) located in SE France and submitted to disturbances of various intensities. Disturbances were produced by site treatments replicated 4 times and including mechanical chopping, mechanical chopping followed by soil scarification in one or two directions, controlled fire of low or high intensity, and control. Seedling emergence, survival, dimensions were monitored over 6 years (2005-2010) on 580 one-square-meter plots in which the individual fate of each seedling was surveyed. Covers in bare soil, grass and shrub were also recorded. Seedlings did not emerge continuously and regularly with time but mostly during peaks particularly marked in the rainy autumnal seasons of the two first years. This specific pattern defined a ‘window’ of emergence characterised by the duration during which seedlings emerged, the number of emerged seedlings and the shape of the seedlings distribution with time. Survival and growth decreased from the earliest cohort to the latest cohort as soil conditions became less favourable mainly due to grass development. Emergence, survival and growth did not respond in the same way to treatments and soil surface conditions. The most intense treatments (scarification, high-intensity fire) were also the most efficient for creating sites free of ground vegetation favourable to seedling emergence. In contrast, less intense treatments (chopping, low-intensity fire) with lower impacts on soil and ground vegetation were also less efficient in promoting emergence. The high-intensity controlled fire treatment was the most beneficial to survival whereas the highest growth was recorded in the scarification treatments. From these results, it appeared that environmental factors controlling survival, emergence and growth processes differed and that their importance was likely to fluctuate with time. A clear illustration was given by the contrasting role played by shrubs that exerted a negative influence on emergence but a positive one on survival and growth We concluded that environmental factors controlling survival, emergence and growth processes could differ and their importance could fluctuate with time. Adapting silvicultural treatments to foster regeneration could thus benefit from a more detailed understanding of the processes involved in seedling recruitment

    Identification des fenĂȘtres d'Ă©mergence et rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration dans une pinĂšde mĂ©diterranĂ©enne soumise Ă  des perturbations contrĂŽlĂ©es

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    International audienceThe regeneration phase is a critical step in plant population dynamics, but is still incompletely understood owing to the intricacy and complexity of the factors concerned. We investigated the role played by pine emergence, survival and growth in the recruitment process of a Mediterranean pine forest under disturbances of various intensities. Disturbances were produced by site treatments including mechanical chopping, soil scarification, and controlled fire of low or high intensity. Pine seedling emergence, survival, dimensions and the relative cover of bare soil, grasses and shrub were monitored on 580 1 m2 plots over 6 years in a mature Aleppo pine forest (Pinus halepensis Mill.). Seedlings did not emerge continuously and regularly with time, but mostly in bursts, which were particularly marked in the rainy autumnal seasons. This specific pattern defined a ‘window' of emergence characterised by the length of time during which seedlings emerged, the number of emerged seedlings and the shape of the window. Survival and growth decreased from the youngest cohort to the oldest cohort. Emergence, survival and growth did not respond in the same way to treatments and soil surface conditions. In particular, scarification treatments were most favourable to emergence, whereas the high-intensity controlled fire treatment was most beneficial to survival. Shrub cover was detrimental to emergence, but positively influenced survival and growth. We conclude that environmental factors controlling survival, emergence and growth processes differ, and that their importance varies over time. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in seedling recruitment can be helpful for selecting the types and intensities of the controlled disturbances to be applied to successfully regenerate forest stands

    A NOVEL PROCESS FOR RARE EARTH-IRON-BORON PERMANENT MAGNETS PREPARATION

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    A novel process for permanent magnets fabrication is described : low cost and good energy products are achieved by hot-working cast ingot of NdFeB alloys. Magnetic characterization and microstructural observation reveal that the coercivity mechanisms are essentially similar to those observed in sintered magnets

    Impact de diffĂ©rents types d'accompagnement ligneux sur le dĂ©veloppement de chĂȘnes mĂ©diterranĂ©ens dans une plantation expĂ©rimentale : amĂ©lioration de la forme mais rĂ©duction de la croissance

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    International audienceMixed plantations have been receiving increasing attention for their documented or supposed potential benefits over monospecific plantations. In particular, the use of neighbouring (or nurse) vegetation around target plants can enhance their performance through limitation of the competing herb layer, and can also improve their morphology. Here we examine the benefits and drawbacks of using neighbour treatments on the response of target trees in open plantations. We set up an experimental plantation in southern France, in which two co-occurring target oak species (the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus pubescens) were introduced in different neighbour treatments using a tree (Pinus halepensis) and a shrub species (the nitrogen-fixing Coronilla glauca). Oaks were planted with pine neighbours at two densities, with shrub neighbours, in a mixture of pines and shrubs or without neighbours. The ground vegetation was either regularly weeded or left to grow in order to detect any indirect facilitation interactions. Target oak responses (survival, growth, and morphology) were monitored over 7 years. Soil water content and light availability were also measured throughout the experiment. We found competition to be the dominant process driving interactions between neighbours and target tree species. Growth was reduced for both species, but more in weeded than in unweeded treatments, showing an alleviation of competitive interactions by neighbours through limitation of herb layer development. However, in both ground vegetation treatments, growth was severely reduced with Coronilla shrubs. Survival was only significantly impaired for the less shade-tolerant Q. pubescens oak used in combination with shrubs. The negative influence of the neighbour treatments was mainly attributable to light interception, which was particularly high by shrub canopy. Soil moisture was also slightly reduced by shrub neighbours, but it remained high with pines in the unweeded treatment owing to a limited abundance of herbs. However, stem form was improved by the neighbour treatments: oaks developed narrower crowns and greater slenderness with neighbours, whereas oaks in the open showed a bushy morphology. These findings emphasize the need to clearly identify key objectives before implementing mixed plantations (e.g. maximising growth, survival, improving morphology, etc.) and to use active management to control potential undesirable effects of the neighbouring vegetation on target plants
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