Transmission dynamics of Ascaris suum in organic pigs

The transmission of Ascaris suum depends upon the type of swine production system. Organic farm with outdoor facilities provide favorable conditions for the development and survival of this soil transmitted helminth. The present study was carried out from late October 2013 to late February 2014 to study the infection dynamics of A. suum in pigs born and raised on two Danish organic

Oral Cavity and Transmission of HIV: A Debatable Dilemma

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is most commonly transmitted by sexual activity. HIV is found in blood and other body fluids, including semen, vaginal fluid and saliva. Spreadof the HIV from oral secretions of the millions of HIV viremic individuals, during kissing, dental treatment, biting is a very uncommon finding. The shedding of infected blood or exudates from the saliva of an infected individual usually contains only the noninfectious component of HIV and may also contain fragments or the entire noninfectious genome. The risk of HIV transmission via oral secretions is an issue of growing interest to the dental health professionals. The oral transmission of HIV remains a controversial issue and a cause of concern

Effect of disinfectants on viability of Ascaris suum and Ascaridia galli eggs

Ascaris suum and Ascaridia galli, the large round worm of pigs and poultry, respectively, persist even in intensive management systems, where a high level of hygiene is practiced. It is necessary to control these helminths to minimize production losses and improve animal welfare. Commercial disinfectants are commonly used to clean pens in conventional pig and poultry farms but their efficacy against the thick-shelled nematode eggs has not been sufficiently documented. However, it might be difficult to control these parasites because of their complex thick-shelled eggs, which can resist harsh environmental conditions. Commonly used disinfectants such as Virkon S®, FL-des GA® typically claim efficacy against viruses, bacteria and some fungi, but very few disinfectants (FL-des Allround®) claim to also eliminate parasite eggs

KONTROL AF SPOLORM I ØKOLOGISKE SVIN. Resultater fra PAROL projektet: Parasitter i økologiske produktionsdyr: innovative løsninger til nye udfordringer

Spolorm er meget almindelige i danske økologiske svin og kan reducere tilvækst, foderudnyttelse og effekt af vacciner hos smittede grise samt være årsag til kassering/værditab af levere. Spolorm smitter via hårdføre æg og projektet har kortlagt smittemønstre i 5 besætninger og undersøgt hvor smittepresset er størst og hvordan vi bedst kan spredningen i danske økologiske (og frilands-) besætninger

Spolorm – forekomst og kontrol

Spolorm er hyppigt forekommende i danske økologiske svinebesætninger pga. æggenes meget tykke skal, som hjælper æggene til at overleve mange år i jorden

Tectonic juxtaposition of crust and continental growth during orogenesis: Example from the Rengali Province, eastern India

The southern boundary of the Singhbhum Craton witnessed multiple orogenies that juxtaposed thin slice of granulite suite of the Rengali Province against the low-grade granite-greenstone belt of the craton along the E–W trending Sukinda Thrust. The strong southerly dipping mylonitic foliation within the granulites along with the prominent down-dip mineral lineation, suggest a northerly-verging thrusting. Mylonitized charnockite at the contact zone contains enclaves of mafic and ultramafic granulite, whereas granitoid gneiss contains enclaves of pelitic granulite. Mafic granulite enclaves preserve an early (S1M) foliation that formed during D1M deformation. This rock, along with the host charnockite, were intensely deformed by the D2M thrusting event and resulting S2M foliation development in both rock suites. Geothermobarometric and pseudosection analyses show that the garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase-orthopyroxene-ilmenite-quartz assemblage in mafic granulite was stabilized at high-pressure and temperature conditions (10−12 kbar, 860 °C) and was overprinted by a fine-grained assemblage of clinopyroxene-plagioclase ± hornblende that developed during decompression (down to 5.5–7.5 kbar). Matrix hornblende shows incipient breakdown to garnet-clinopyroxene-quartz intergrowth due to a granulite facies reworking. A contrasting P-T history is preserved in the pelitic granulite. The peak assemblage garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite-quartz-rutile was stabilized at ∼6.0 kbar, 730 °C which resulted from heating of the mid crust magma during the D2M thrusting. The contrasting P-T histories could result from the tectonic juxtaposition of lower- and mid-crustal section during the D2M event. Evidences of an early orogenic imprint within the mafic granulite imply involvement of deep continental crust during southward growth of the Singhbhum Craton

Phytochemical Screening of Selected Botanicals and their Effectiveness Against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus Zeamais Motsch.) at Paklihawa, Rupandehi, Nepal

Laboratory experiment was done to perform the phytochemical screening of six locally available botanicals (Azadirachta indica Juss, Artemisia dubia Wall, Lantana camara L, Parthenium hysterophorus L, Justicia adhatoda Linn. and Moringa oleifera L.) and their effectiveness to control the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) at Agriecology lab of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Paklihawa Campus, Rupandehi, Nepal. Seven treatments (leaf extract of A. indica, A. dubia, L. camara, P. hysterophorus. J. adhatoda and M. oleifera and distilled water as control) applied at 3 different doses (0.5, 1 & 2g/50g seeds) were arranged in CRD design with 3 replications. Result of mortality test of maize weevil revealed that, at highest concentration of L. camara powder (T17- 2g/50 gm seeds) mortality of maize weevil was observed up to 85% at 45 DAT. Whereas number of damaged grain was lowest in T17 (L. camara powder- 2g/50 gm seeds). The effectiveness of botanicals was found to increase with increasing the concentration. Besides that, Justicia adhatoda (2g/50g seeds) and Artemisia dubia (1g/50g seeds) were also found as good candidates to use for the control of Sitophilus zeamais. Qualitative tests done for the presence of various phytochemicals showed that Azadirachta indica Juss and Artemisia dubia Wall. were found to contain most of the tested metabolites among all botanicals. Most of those phytochemicals were extracted by the aqueous solution rather than other 3 menstrums used (acetone, methanol and petroleum ether). Similarly, quantitative test revealed that percentage of alkaloid was found 18.01%, 17.78%, 17.75%, 11.58%, 8.20%, 6.78% and flavonoid15.32%, 13.63%, 12.86%, 11.36%, 7. 51% 2.85% respectively in L. camara L. P. hysterophorus L., J. adhatoda Linn., M. oleifera L., A. indica Juss. and A. dubia Wall. Leaf extract of L. camera found to contain highest percentage of alkaloid (18.01%) as well as flavonoid (15.32%). So, it was concluded that locally available botanicals extract reach in alkaloid and flavonoid may have insecticidal property and could be use as grain protectant against the maize weevil in cost effective and eco-friendly manner. However, application at proper dose is necessary to maintain the efficacy at higher level

Transmission and control of the parasite Ascaris suum (large round worm) in Danish organic farms

Ascaris suum is the most common intestinal worm in pigs irrespective of production system. However, organic farms which promote animal welfare (e.g. by providing pastures and bedding material) may further promote survival of the eggs through which the parasite is dispersed to new hosts. The parasite has a negative effect on production results and possibly impairs vaccines. A one year survey of 5 Danish organic farms therefore aimed at mapping the occurrence of parasite eggs in the farm environment, supplemented with laboratory and field studies, including serial necropsies of different age groups of pigs from 2 farms to monitor infection levels. The combined results showed that eggs were present on farrowing and weaning pastures, ensuring continuous exposure to the parasite outdoors. The farms did not have enough land for effective long-term rotation schemes to allow eggs to die and thus disappear naturally, as they can live for at least 9 years in the soil. Consequently, young infected pigs brought the parasite with them into the stables. Here, large numbers of eggs accumulated in the bedding material, but the majority of eggs died as the result of high temperatures and ammonia levels due to bacterial degradation of fecal matter. Nevertheless, infective eggs were present in the bedding material and pigs continued to be exposed and become infected in weaner/starter and fattening pig pens up to slaughter (22 weeks old). As the eggs may need several weeks or months to develop in the environment depending on season, some of the infective eggs in the pens may have been deposited by previous groups of pigs, as not all pens were cleaned between batches of pigs. In conclusion, exposure to A. suum is currently difficult to prevent outdoors in Denmark. The best approach to reduce overall exposure is thus to improve cleaning and disinfection procedures indoors and to compost and store manure/slurry sufficiently to inactivate eggs