Common variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes confer disease susceptibility in patients with chronic pancreatitis

A recent Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) identified association with variants in X-linked CLDN2 and MORC4 and PRSS1-PRSS2 loci with Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) in North American patients of European ancestry. We selected 9 variants from the reported GWAS and replicated the association with CP in Indian patients by genotyping 1807 unrelated Indians of Indo-European ethnicity, including 519 patients with CP and 1288 controls. The etiology of CP was idiopathic in 83.62% and alcoholic in 16.38% of 519 patients. Our study confirmed a significant association of 2 variants in CLDN2 gene (rs4409525—OR 1.71, P = 1.38 x 10-09; rs12008279—OR 1.56, P = 1.53 x 10-04) and 2 variants in MORC4 gene (rs12688220—OR 1.72, P = 9.20 x 10-09; rs6622126—OR 1.75, P = 4.04x10-05) in Indian patients with CP. We also found significant association at PRSS1-PRSS2 locus (OR 0.60; P = 9.92 x 10-06) and SAMD12-TNFRSF11B (OR 0.49, 95% CI [0.31–0.78], P = 0.0027). A variant in the gene MORC4 (rs12688220) showed significant interaction with alcohol (OR for homozygous and heterozygous risk allele -14.62 and 1.51 respectively, P = 0.0068) suggesting gene-environment interaction. A combined analysis of the genes CLDN2 and MORC4 based on an effective risk allele score revealed a higher percentage of individuals homozygous for the risk allele in CP cases with 5.09 fold enhanced risk in individuals with 7 or more effective risk alleles compared with individuals with 3 or less risk alleles (P = 1.88 x 10-14). Genetic variants in CLDN2 and MORC4 genes were associated with CP in Indian patients

Kekuasaan, Politik, dan kebudayaan wawancara dengan Edward W. Said

Buku ini merupakan kumpulan wawancara ini meliputi rentang waktu antara tahun 1976 hingga 2000, dan mencakup berbagai macam pokok bahasan. dward W. Said adalah salah satu tokoh filsafat (filsuf) dan pemikir besar pada abad ke-20. Said adalah seorang intelektual Palestina Amerika yang meletakkan dasar-dasar teori kritis di bidang poskolonalisme. Said menganut kepercayaan Agnostik dan aliran Postmodernisme (Pascamodernisme). Said menyelami dunia ciptaan karya-karya sebagai pencapaian historis atau kultural. Salah satu pemikiran Edward W. Said yaitu mengenai Peran Intelektual adalah ia mendefinisikan Intelektual sebagai individu yang dikaruniai bakat untuk merepresentasikan dan mengartikulasikan pesan, pandangan, sikap atau filsafat kepada publik

Kekuasaan, Politik dan Kebudayaan wawancara dengan Edward W. Said

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