“Belinografização”, Telecinema e Videocinema

The arrival of television is the event which set in motion one of the greatest “existential” crises the cinema has known – a crisis which is barely coming to an end now that the supremacy of “videocinema” (defined as a phenomenon which brings together everything pertaining to this cinema, located outside the classical framework delineated by projection) is ensured by the domination of the digital over all audiovisual media. The authors of this article, after having associated this “videocinema” with a possible “third birth” of cinema, with reference to debate around the “telecinema” of the 1940s and 50s, propose to raise up the bélinographe (one of the earliest devices for transmitting photographs across distances in a fast and simple manner) as an emblematic benchmark for understanding television, videography and, more broadly, the digital image as part of an “archaeology of the desconstructed image.”La llegada de la televisión fue el elemento desencadenante de una de las mayores crisis "existenciales" que ha conocido el cine, una crisis que apenas está llegando a su fin ahora que la supremacía del "videocine" (definido como el fenómeno que recoge todos los resultados de ese cine que se ofrece fuera de los marcos clásicos delimitados por la proyección) queda atestiguada por el dominio queejerce lo digital sobre el conjunto de medios audiovisuales. Después de haber asociado este "videocine" a un posible "tercer nacimiento" del cine y de haber evocado las reflexiones sobre el "telecine" de los años 1940-1950, los autores de este artículo proponen erigir el belinógrafo (que fue uno de los primeros dispositivos en permitir la transmisión de fotografías a distancia de forma sencilla y rápida) como referencia emblemática para aprehender - en el marco, sobre todo, de una "arqueología de la imagen descompuesta" - la televisión, el videógrafo y, más ampliamente, la imagen digital.A chegada da televisão foi o elemento desencadeador de uma das maiores crises “existenciais” que o cinema conheceu – uma crise que mal chega ao fim agora que a supremacia do “videocinema” (definido como o fenômeno que reúne tudo os resultantes desse cinema que se oferece fora dos quadros clássicos delimitados pela projeção) é atestado pela dominação exercida pelo digital sobre o conjunto dos meios audiovisuais. Depois de ter associado esse “videocinema” a um possível “terceiro nascimento” do cinema e evocado as reflexões abordando o “telecinema” nos anos 1940-1950, os autores deste artigo propõem erigir o belinógrafo (que foi um dos primeiros aparelhos a permitir a transmissão de fotografias à distância de modo simples e rápido) como referência emblemática para apreender – no quadro, notadamente, de uma “arqueologia da imagem decomposta” – a televisão, o videógrafo e, mais amplamente, a imagem digital

Variability in lake bacterial growth and primary production under lake ice: Evidence from early winter to spring melt

Climate change is causing seasonally ice‐covered lakes of the boreal region to undergo changes in their winter regime by altering patterns of precipitation and temperature, often reflected as reduced snow and ice cover duration. The duration, extent and quality of ice, and snow cover have a pivotal role for production and carbon cycling in lakes in winter, with potentially cascading effects for the following open water period. We investigated under‐ice carbon cycling by assessing bacterial growth (including bacterial production, bacterial respiration, and bacterial growth efficiency) and primary production at five water depths during early winter, midwinter, late winter and melting season in a boreal lake, and report significantly different temporal patterns. Bacterial respiration was dominant in early and midwinter, whereas the late winter and melting season were dominated by bacterial production. Multiple linear regression models indicated that high early winter bacterial respiration was associated with senescing phytoplankton, whereas bacterial production was promoted by the onset of spring processes. Collectively, bacterial growth indices were inherently linked with bacterioplankton community composition and specific biomarker taxa. Primary production under ice increased in late winter when light‐blocking snow cover melted, and primary production measured from the lake ice exceeded that of the water column at the melting season. Ice samples hosted diverse eukaryotic communities including photoautotrophs, suggesting that the habitat potential of the understudied lake ice and the role of ice for ecological processes at ice melt should be further explored

Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of \u3ci\u3eBluetongue virus\u3c/i\u3e serotype 2 strains isolated in the Americas including a novel strain from the western United States

Bluetongue is a potentially fatal arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is characterized by widespread edema and tissue necrosis. Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 occur throughout much of the United States, whereas serotype 2 (BTV-2) was previously only detected in the southeastern United States. Since 1998, 10 other BTV serotypes have also been isolated from ruminants in the southeastern United States. In 2010, BTV-2 was identified in California for the first time, and preliminary sequence analysis indicated that the virus isolate was closely related to BTV strains circulating in the southeastern United States. In the current study, the whole genome sequence of the California strain of BTV-2 was compared with those of other BTV-2 strains in the Americas. The results of the analysis suggest co-circulation of genetically distinct viruses in the southeastern United States, and further suggest that the 2010 western isolate is closely related to southeastern strains of BTV. Although it remains uncertain as to how this novel virus was translocated to California, the findings of the current study underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of this economically important livestock disease

Bionanocomposites with enhanced physical properties from curli amyloid assemblies and cellulose nanofibrils

Abstract Proteinaceous amyloid fibrils are one of the stiffest biopolymers due to their extensive cross-β-sheet quaternary structure, whereas cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) exhibit interesting properties associated with their nanoscale size, morphology, large surface area, and biodegradability. Herein, CNFs were supplemented with amyloid fibrils assembled from the Curli-specific gene A (CsgA) protein, the main component of bacterial biofilms. The resulting composites showed superior mechanical properties, up to a 7-fold increase compared to unmodified CNF films. Wettability and thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated high surface hydrophobicity and robust thermal tolerance. Bulk spectroscopic characterization of CNF-CsgA films revealed key insights into the molecular organization within the bionanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy and photoinduced force microscopy revealed the high-resolution location of curli assemblies into the CNF films. This novel sustainable and cost-effective CNF-based bionanocomposites supplemented with intertwined bacterial amyloid fibrils opens novel directions for environmentally friendly applications demanding high mechanical, water-repelling properties, and thermal resistance

Development and aetiology of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls

This longitudinal study aims to describe the development of body dissatisfaction (BD), measured with the Contour Drawing Rating Scale, between the ages of 14 and 18, and to identify factors associated with BD at age 18, among 413 adolescents. Between the ages of 14 and 18, the proportion of girls wanting to be thinner increased, although it remained unchanged among boys. A ratio of 1:2 girls and 1:5 boys reported having seriously tried to lose weight. Factors associated with BD in girls at age 18 were (1) wanting to be thinner, (2) body mass index (BMI), (3) weight control behaviours and (4) negative comments about weight. Factors associated with BD in boys at age 18 were (1) wanting to be thinner or bigger, (2) BMI, (3) having experienced sexual intercourse and (4) negative comments about weight. The high prevalence of BD and weight-related concerns suggest a need for early interventions. © 2014 © 2014 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis

N-(4-iodophenyl)-N′-(2-chloroethyl)urea as a microtubule disrupter: in vitro and in vivo profiling of antitumoral activity on CT-26 murine colon carcinoma cell line cultured and grafted to mice

The antitumoral profile of the microtubule disrupter N-(4-iodophenyl)-N′-(2-chloroethyl)urea (ICEU) was characterised in vitro and in vivo using the CT-26 colon carcinoma cell line, on the basis of the drug uptake by the cells, the modifications of cell cycle, and β-tubulin and lipid membrane profiles. N-(4-iodophenyl)-N′-(2-chloroethyl)urea exhibited a rapid and dose-dependent uptake by CT-26 cells suggesting its passive diffusion through the membranes. Intraperitoneally injected ICEU biodistributed into the grafted CT-26 tumour, resulting thus in a significant tumour growth inhibition (TGI). N-(4-iodophenyl)-N′-(2-chloroethyl)urea was also observed to accumulate within colon tissue. Tumour growth inhibition was associated with a slight increase in the number of G2 tetraploid tumour cells in vivo, whereas G2 blockage was more obvious in vitro. The phenotype of β-tubulin alkylation that was clearly demonstrated in vitro was undetectable in vivo. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that cells blocked in G2 phase underwent apoptosis, as confirmed by an increase in the methylene group resonance of mobile lipids, parallel to sub-G1 accumulation of the cells. In vivo, a decrease of the signals of both the phospholipid precursors and the products of membrane degradation occurred concomitantly with TGI. This multi-analysis established, at least partly, the ICEU activity profile, in vitro and in vivo, providing additional data in favour of ICEU as a tubulin-interacting drug accumulating within the intestinal tract. This may provide a starting point for researches for future efficacious tubulin-interacting drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancers

Involvement of TLR2 in Recognition of Acute Gammaherpesvirus-68 Infection

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of innate immunity in response to many viruses. We previously reported the implication of TLR2 in the recognition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by human monocytes. Because murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) is a useful model to study human gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis in vivo, we evaluated the importance of mouse TLR2 in the recognition of MHV-68.In studies using transfected HEK293 cells, MHV-68 lead to the activation of NF-κB reporter through TLR2. In addition, production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-α (IFN-α) upon MHV-68 stimulation was reduced in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from TLR2-/- and MyD88-/- mice as compared to their wild type (WT) counterpart. In transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the mTLR2 promoter, MHV-68 challenge activated TLR2 transcription. Increased expression levels of TLR2 on blood granulocytes (CD115(-)Gr1(+)) and inflammatory monocytes (CD115(+)Gr1(+)), which mobilized to the lungs upon infection with MHV-68, was also confirmed by flow cytometry. Finally, TLR2 or MyD88 deficiency was associated with decreased IL-6 and type 1 IFN production as well as increased viral burden during short-term challenges with MHV-68.TLR2 contributes to the production of inflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFN as well as to the control of viral burden during infection with MHV-68. Taken together, our results suggest that the TLR2 pathway has a relevant role in the recognition of this virus and in the subsequent activation of the innate immune response

Determination of Molecular Structures of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Automated Sub-tomogram Averaging

Since its discovery nearly 30 years ago, more than 60 million people have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (www.usaid.gov). The virus infects and destroys CD4+ T-cells thereby crippling the immune system, and causing an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 2. Infection begins when the HIV Envelope glycoprotein "spike" makes contact with the CD4 receptor on the surface of the CD4+ T-cell. This interaction induces a conformational change in the spike, which promotes interaction with a second cell surface co-receptor 5,9. The significance of these protein interactions in the HIV infection pathway makes them of profound importance in fundamental HIV research, and in the pursuit of an HIV vaccine

Use of S-100B to Evaluate Therapy Effects during Bevacizumab Induction Treatment in AJCC Stage III Melanoma

To investigate the feasibility of using bevacizumab to improve the survival of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III melanoma patients, we investigated how a single bevacizumab treatment affected nodal disease and a panel of biomarkers in clinically fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/computed tomography (CT)-staged, stage III melanoma patients, prior to therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND). Four weeks before TLND, nine patients (median age 50, range 28.8-62.1 years; two male, seven female) with palpable lymph node metastases received 7.5 mg/kg bevacizumab. Before and after this treatment, all patients were assessed by measurements of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) by FDG-PET scan, and serum S-100B and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). After TLND, the dissection specimen was analyzed for number of removed lymph nodes, number of metastatic lymph nodes, and tumor necrosis. Median follow-up was 15.5 (2.2-32.9) months. Histopathological analysis revealed tumor necrosis in six patients, of whom five had an S-100B decline and one had an unchanged S-100B level after bevacizumab. The other three patients showed an S-100B increase and no necrosis. Tumor necrosis was correlated with S-100B decrease (P = 0.048). No association was found between necrosis and the markers SUVmax and LDH. No wound healing disturbances were encountered. Tumor necrosis in dissection specimens was associated with declining S-100B levels, while elevated S-100B was only found in cases with no necrosis. Bevacizumab might be useful in treating AJCC stage III melanoma patients prior to TLND, and S100-B appears to be a useful marker for assessment of treatment effects