Les conduites parentales comme mécanisme du lien entre le tempérament et les comportements extériorisés chez les enfants d'âge scolaire : un modèle influencé par la relation entre l’enfant et la personne enseignante

Les troubles du comportement extériorisés (TCE) se caractérisent principalement par des comportements d’agressivité, d’impulsivité ou d’opposition. Le modèle théorique de Granic et Patterson (2006) illustre, de manière intégrée, différents facteurs impliqués dans la trajectoire développementale des jeunes qui présentent des TCE entre l’enfance et l’âge adulte. Spécifiquement, les difficultés tempéramentales de l’enfant (p. ex. faible affectivité négative, extraversion élevée ou faible régulation volontaire) le mettraient plus à risque d’être confronté à des conduites parentales inappropriées (p. ex. hostilité, permissivité) en réponse à ses comportements. Un patron d’interaction parent-enfant problématique pourrait alors s’installer au sein de la dyade. Avec le temps, les enfants exposés à des conduites parentales hostiles et/ou permissives en viennent à développer des comportements extériorisés plus manifestes tels que de l’agressivité et de l’opposition. Le modèle de Granic et Patterson (2006) suggère également que les enfants exposés à de telles conduites de la part de leurs parents tendent à généraliser leurs comportements avec leurs pairs. Or, bien que moins mises de l’avant dans le modèle, d’autres personnes significatives peuvent aussi exercer une influence dans la vie des enfants qui présentent des TCE, notamment la personne enseignante. Certaines études récentes ont d’ailleurs montré qu’une relation plus négative avec la personne enseignante peut accentuer l’influence de conduites parentales plus adverses sur le développement des TCE, alors qu’une relation entre l’enfant et la personne enseignante (REE) plus positive pourrait en amoindrir l’influence (Roubinov et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). De même, le modèle n’aborde pas l’impact des conduites parentales plus positives, comme la sensibilité parentale, sur la trajectoire des jeunes qui présentent des TCE. L’objectif du présent mémoire est donc d’examiner le rôle médiateur des conduites parentales d’hostilité, de permissivité et de sensibilité dans la relation entre le tempérament et les TCE chez les enfants d’âge scolaire, en plus de considérer le rôle modérateur de la REE dans l’association entre les conduites parentales et les TCE. Ce mémoire repose sur des données longitudinales issues d’un projet plus large intitulé l’Étude longitudinale sur les troubles du comportement des filles et des garçons (Déry et al., 2007-2021; Lapalme et al., 2018-2023). L’échantillon de la présente étude est composé de 434 enfants (44,70 % de filles) présentant des comportements extériorisés sévères au T1 (M âge de l'enfant = 8,40; ET = 0,94). Les parents ont répondu à des questionnaires portant sur le tempérament de leur enfant au T1 et leurs conduites parentales au T3 (M âge de l'enfant = 10,29 ; ET = 0,95). Les personnes enseignantes ont également évalué la qualité de leur relation avec l'enfant au T3. Enfin, les parents ont répondu à des questionnaires permettant d’évaluer les TCE de leur enfant au T1 et au T4 (M âge de l'enfant = 11,29 ; ET = 0,94). Pour répondre aux objectifs du présent mémoire, une analyse acheminatoire par modèles d’équations structurelles (SEM) a été réalisée permettant de tester les différents liens de médiations modérées simultanément. À partir de cette analyse, trois modèles indirects modérés se sont avérés significatifs en contrôlant pour le niveau initial (T1) de TCE des enfants. Ces modèles ont révélé qu'une plus grande hostilité parentale explique en partie l'association entre une plus faible régulation volontaire chez l'enfant et des TCE plus sévères au début de l'adolescence, ainsi que l'association entre une plus grande affectivité négative chez l'enfant et des TCE plus sévères au début de l'adolescence, mais seulement lorsque la personne enseignante rapporte une proximité faible à modérée avec l'enfant. Une plus grande permissivité parentale explique en partie l'association entre une faible régulation volontaire chez l'enfant et des TCE plus élevés au début de l'adolescence, mais uniquement lorsque la personne enseignante rapporte une proximité élevée avec l'enfant. Ces résultats appuient le modèle de Granic et Patterson (2006) et soulignent que les vulnérabilités tempéramentales de l’enfant sont associées à des conduites parentales plus adverses, qui contribuent à leur tour au développement de comportements extériorisés plus sévères chez les enfants. Les résultats permettent également de contribuer au modèle en montrant que la proximité avec la personne enseignante peut agir comme facteur de protection pour les enfants exposés à des conduites parentales plus hostiles. Cela suggère que les personnes enseignantes qui sont en mesure d’offrir aux enfants qui présentent des TCE une expérience relationnelle différente et plus positive pourrait leur permettre de réviser leurs schèmes relationnels et de diminuer leurs TCE. Or, les résultats suggèrent aussi que la proximité dans la REE pourrait agir comme facteur de risque pour les enfants exposés à des conduites parentales plus permissives. Bien que surprenant, ce résultat pourrait suggérer qu’un équilibre entre la proximité et la mise en place de limites dans la REE serait plus bénéfique pour les enfants exposés à des conduites parentales plus permissives. Quelques recommandations cliniques sont formulées à la lumière de ces constats. D’abord, les résultats soulignent l’importance de soutenir les personnes enseignantes dans le développement d’une relation qui permet de répondre aux besoins spécifiques des enfants en considérant leur tempérament et les conduites parentales auxquelles ils ont été exposés. Des actions concertées entre les différents acteurs significatifs dans la vie des enfants (parents et personnes enseignantes) seraient aussi des plus pertinentes pour les mener sur une trajectoire développementale plus adaptée

Temperament and externalizing problems

Abstract : This study examines how maternal adverse parenting (hostility, neglect, low warmth) and psychological distress explain the associations between child temperament factors and externalizing problems. It also examines if these associations differ according to the child’s biological sex. The sample consists of 339 school-age children receiving in-school services for conduct problems. Data were collected through questionnaires completed by mothers at 3 time points, at one-year intervals. Results from path analyses revealed that maternal psychological distress partly explained the associations between each child temperamental factors (negative affectivity, surgency/extraversion, effortful control) and levels of externalizing problems. Specifically, the indirect effect of psychological distress on child negative affectivity and externalizing problems was only significant for boys, not girls. Maternal hostility, on the other hand, mediated the association between child surgency/extraversion and externalizing problems in both boys and girls. Interestingly, neglectful parenting and maternal warmth did not explain the association between child temperamental factors and externalizing problems. The findings suggest small but significant temperament child-driven effects on maternal psychological distress and hostility, in turn, translating into higher levels of externalizing problems. These findings support the relevance of temperament-based interventions for children with conduct problems and of increased mental health support for their mothers. By aiding mothers in developing a larger repertoire of parenting strategies, mothers may be better equipped to respond appropriately to their child with various temperamental characteristics, hence, reducing their psychological distress and hostile behaviors and limiting the development of externalizing problems

Determinants of urinary concentrations of dialkyl phosphates among pregnant women in Canada — Results from the MIREC study

AbstractOrganophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly used in agriculture. Their use decreased in recent years as they were gradually replaced by other pesticides, but some OPs are still among the insecticides most used in Canada. Exposure to elevated levels of OPs during pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes and poorer neurodevelopment in children. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between the concentrations of OP pesticides urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites and various factors that are potential sources of exposure or determinants of DAP levels. In the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study, six DAPs were measured in 1st trimester urine samples of 1884 pregnant women living in Canada. They were grouped into sums of dimethyl alkyl phosphates (DMAP) and diethyl alkyl phosphates (DEAP) for statistical analysis. We found that 93% of women had at least one DAP detected in their urine. Geometric means (GM) of specific gravity-corrected levels for urine dilution were 59 (95% CI 56–62) and 21 (95% CI 20–22) nmol/L for DMAP and DEAP, respectively. The following characteristics were significantly associated with higher urinary concentrations of DMAP or DEAP: higher education, nulliparous, normal pre-pregnancy body mass index, non-smoker, not fasting at sampling, winter season at sampling, and early and late day collection times. Dietary items that were significantly related with higher urinary concentrations included higher intake of citrus fruits, apple juice, sweet peppers, tomatoes, beans and dry peas, soy and rice beverages, whole grain bread, white wine and green and herbal teas. This study indicates that exposure to these compounds is quasi-ubiquitous. The factors associated with greater DAP levels identified here could be useful to regulatory agencies for risk analysis and management. However, some exposure misclassification might occur due to the single DAP measurement available, and to the presence of preformed DAPs in the environment

Stitching Together the Urban Fabric

This Urban Design Studio in Springfield focused on incremental and systemic design changes at specific places in Downtown to improve the quality of life. The analysis investigated six interweaving, overlapping urban systems: Music and Art, Food and Retail, Working, Public Green, Education and Housing. Overlooked streets and their immediate context were of major focus: Worthington Street, Dwight Street, Willow Street and the stilted Interstate 91 viaduct. Downtown Springfield is currently undergoing a substantial change of the physical urban fabric: The renovation of the Union Station into a multi-modal transportation hub, the MGM Casino Resort and the new Dr. Seuss Museum at the Quadrangle. While these projects create larger-scale hubs at the edges of downtown, there is the necessity of stitching Downtown together with small scale amenities and activities. How can we bridge the gaps and create stepping stones that make downtown streets a more walkable and bicycle-friendly experience? How can we create new economic opportunities and possibilities to serve needs for adult education, gathering and small-scale entertainment? A Design Charrette with residents, stakeholders and community activists was held in the beginning of the studio. The charrette was organized around the six urban systems. The students led image-driven interviews with the community members, mapped places with existing assets or places with opportunities. Four design scenarios were created: HEART OF THE CITY -DESIGNING ARTERIES FOR THE PEOPLE designed the urban fabric around Worthington Street. 24/7, year around programming of underutilized parking lots, public art and lighting, temporary closure of streets and activation of empty storefronts work together with a coherent design palette. DWIGHT STREET REVIVAL: Dwight Street is transformed into a green bike and walk artery with new and repurposed places for working, living, adult education, and art. STOCKBRIDGE SQUARE: A VILLAGE IN THE CITY creates a village in the city adjacent to the MGM Casino Resort with open space for the community, mixed use buildings, sustainable street systems, ground level retail and multiple market-rate housing options. The village will attract new residents in downtown. ECOLOGY VISION creates a healthy downtown Springfield with “toolkit” around restored urban ecological systems for a livable and beautiful city. A stormwater park underneath I-91 is accompanied by a pedestrian boulevard and an urban forest. STITCHING TOGETHER THE URBAN FABRIC raises awareness for discovering the little notes and in-betweens. This proposal encompasses sustainability in a comprehensive way. It will make Springfield green and beautiful, will increase diversity, create jobs and bring vitality back

Reduced dielectric screening and enhanced energy transfer in single and few-layer MoS2

We report highly efficient non-radiative energy transfer from cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots to monolayer and few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The quenching of the donor quantum dot photoluminescence increases as the MoS2 flake thickness decreases, with the highest efficiency (>95%) observed for monolayer MoS2. This counterintuitive result arises from reduced dielectric screening in thin layer semiconductors having unusually large permittivity and a strong in-plane transition dipole moment, as found in MoS2. Excitonic energy transfer between a 0D emitter and a 2D absorber is fundamentally interesting and enables a wide range of applications including broadband optical down-conversion, optical detection, photovoltaic sensitization, and color shifting in light-emitting devices.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Inhibition of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by miRNA Therapy.

Autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islets in Type 1 diabetes is mediated by both increased proinflammatory (Teff) and decreased regulatory (Treg) T lymphocytes resulting in a significant decrease in the Treg:Teff ratio. The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an excellent in vivo model for testing potential therapeutics for attenuating the decrease in the Treg:Teff ratio and inhibiting disease pathogenesis. Here we show for the first time that a bioreactor manufactured therapeutic consisting of a complex of miRNA species (denoted as TA1) can effectively reset the NOD immune system from a proinflammatory to a tolerogenic state thus preventing or delaying autoimmune diabetes. Treatment of NOD mice with TA1 resulted in a systemic broad-spectrum upregulation of tolerogenic T cell subsets with a parallel downregulation of Teff subsets yielding a dramatic increase in the Treg:Teff ratio. Moreover, the murine-derived TA1 was highly effective in the inhibition of allorecognition of HLA-disparate human PBMC. TA1 demonstrated dose-responsiveness and exhibited equivalent or better inhibition of allorecognition driven proliferation than etanercept (a soluble TNF receptor). These findings demonstrate that miRNA-based therapeutics can effectively attenuate or arrest autoimmune disease processes and may be of significant utility in a broad range of autoimmune diseases including Type 1 diabetes

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Additional file 1: of Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in maternal and cord blood from the maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals (MIREC) cohort study

Results of Statistical Hypothesis Testing—MIREC Persistent Organic Pollutants Analysis-Using censoring methods. Table S1 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by Parity (μg/L). Table S2 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by maternal age (μg/L). Table S3 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by smoking status (μg/L). Table S4 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by household income (μg/L). Table S5 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by pre-BMI (μg/L). Table S6 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by place of birth (μg/L). Table S7 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by fasting (μg/L). Table S8 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by maternal education (μg/L). Table S9 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by whether using non-stick cooking vessels. Table S10 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by whether using non-stick cooking vessels in the microwave. Table S11 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by year of collection. Table S12 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of bacon. Table S13 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of fish. Table S14 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of Hamburger. Table S15 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of pork. Table S16 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of poultry. Table S17 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in maternal blood by intake of steak. Table S18 Comparison of demographic groups when the INTERACTION between BMI and total lipid was significant. Table S19 Comparison of demographic groups when the INTERACTION was significant between year of collection and total lipid. Table S20 Comparison of demographic groups when the INTERACTION was significant between intake of bacon and total lipid. Table S21 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in cord blood by infant gender (μg/L). Table S22 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in cord blood by season of collection (μg/L). Table S23 Results for MIREC persistent organic pollutants in cord blood by smoking status of mother (µg/L). (DOCX 207 kb