On the Fate of Lost Property in the Medieval Turkic-Mongol States

Поступила в редакцию: 12.09.2022. Принята к печати: 06.04.2023.Submitted: 12.09.2022. Accepted: 06.04.2023.В статье анализируется государственная политика средневековых тюрко-монгольских (чингизидских) государств в отношении утерянного имущества. Впервые в научный оборот вводится в русском переводе ярлык о назначении на должность буларгучи — специального чиновника, в чьи функции входили поиск, хранение и возврат утерянного имуществах — из «Дастур ал-катиб фи та‘йин ал-маратиб» — персидского трактата, созданного в 1360-х гг. чиновником Мухаммедом б. Хиндушахом Нахчивани, находившимся на службе у правителей монгольского Ирана. Проводится комплексный анализ этого документа, в ходе которого осуществляется характеристика правового статуса буларгучи, просле- живается эволюция деятельности в отношении утерянного имущества в тюрко-монгольских государствах, начиная с Монгольской империи и империи Юань в Китае и заканчивая Крымским ханством. Выявляются различия в отношении чиновников рассматриваемых государств к имуществу, которое было потеряно, и к тому, которое признавалось выморочным в связи со смертью его владельца в пределах иностранной державы. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в тюрко-монгольских государствах принимались определенные меры для обеспечения прав собственников имущества, но, вместе с тем, существовала практика злоупотреблений со стороны соответствующих чиновников своими полномочиями с целью поступления такого имущества в казну, в связи с тем, что оно представляло собой немаловажную часть государственных доходов. Источниковую основу исследования составляют исторические памятники — правовые акты, свидетельства современников, дипломатическая переписка, также авторы опираются на труды специалистов, в той или иной степени обращавшихся к исследованию института буларгучи и вопросов о судьбе утерянного имущества в средневековых тюркомонгольских государствах.This article analyses the state policy of the medieval Turkic-Mongol khanates towards lost property. The authors introduce the first Russian translation of a yarligh on the appointment of bularguchi, an official who oversaw the search, storage, and return of lost property. The yarligh comes from the Dastur al-Katib Fi Ta’yin al-Maratib, a Persian-language treaty written in 1360s by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, an official at the service of the rulers of Mongol Iran. A complex interdisciplinary analysis of this document helps characterize the legal status of the bularguchi and the evolution of the state policy towards the lost property in the Turkic-Mongol states from the Mongol and Yuan Empires to the Crimean Khanate. The authors attempt to clarify the differences between the property which was lost and that which was recognized escheat after the death of its owner abroad. The authors establish that the rulers of the Turkic-Mongol states took measures to provide the rights of the owners of the lost property, but at the same time, officials abused their power to pass such property to the state treasury as it was a substantial part of the state revenue. The source base of the research includes legal acts, notes of contemporaries, and diplomatic correspondence. The authors also consider works of specialists who dealt with the bularguchi institution as well as questions on the fate of the lost property in the medieval Turkic-Mongol states.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 23-18-00147 «Социально-политическая организация евразийского пространства в Средние века (исторический опыт Золотой Орды и Ирана XIII–XIV вв.), https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-00147, реализуемого в Воронежском государственном университете.The study was granted by Russian Science Foundation, project no. 23-18-00147 “Social and Political Organization of the Eurasian Area in the Middle Ages (by the Example of the Golden Horde and Iran of 13th–14th cc.)”, https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-00147, realized at the Voronezh State University

The word-formation category “displacement causation”: Mutational and modification semantics of German, Russian and tatar verbs

© 2019, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved. The aim of the study is to determine the semantic, structural and cognitive specificity of the derivational embodiment of the semantics of “displacement” in the difference-structured languages. 16 subcategories of the derivational category “displacement causation”, 102 derivational types are described in the article taking into account differential semi forming formants. It was determined that the maximum number of word-formative types had been found in German - 49 word-formative types (48%), and the minimum number of word-formative types has been stated in the Tatar language - 25 word-formative types (24,5 %). In the Russian language there were 28 word-formative types (27,5%). The German language consciousness is characterized by a precise description of the movement of an object, taking into account both the directional and temporal, technical and other characteristics of the action. It is also considered to be essential to explicit at the word-formation level the relation of the subject to the reality and the perception of oneself as part of space, that is the ability to express unique meanings which in other languages require additional lexical specification or exist at the connotative level. Russian and Tatar derived verbs are characterized by a high nominative potential and require a greater deal of inference. The empirical material presented in this article indicates that in the word-formation category “causation of movement” two main types of word-formation values in derivative verbs are implemented: modification, determined by an original verb of an additional characteristics, and a mutation, which is accompanied by a change in the categorial meaning of the derivative verb, its desemantization. There is a need to form a complete picture of the structural and semantic system of the Russian, German, and Tatar languages in general and the verb system in particular. Thus, this paper gives an opportunity to realize the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of peoples, reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world, and the development of intercultural competence of contemporary people

The word-formation category “displacement causation”: Mutational and modification semantics of German, Russian and tatar verbs

© 2019, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved. The aim of the study is to determine the semantic, structural and cognitive specificity of the derivational embodiment of the semantics of “displacement” in the difference-structured languages. 16 subcategories of the derivational category “displacement causation”, 102 derivational types are described in the article taking into account differential semi forming formants. It was determined that the maximum number of word-formative types had been found in German - 49 word-formative types (48%), and the minimum number of word-formative types has been stated in the Tatar language - 25 word-formative types (24,5 %). In the Russian language there were 28 word-formative types (27,5%). The German language consciousness is characterized by a precise description of the movement of an object, taking into account both the directional and temporal, technical and other characteristics of the action. It is also considered to be essential to explicit at the word-formation level the relation of the subject to the reality and the perception of oneself as part of space, that is the ability to express unique meanings which in other languages require additional lexical specification or exist at the connotative level. Russian and Tatar derived verbs are characterized by a high nominative potential and require a greater deal of inference. The empirical material presented in this article indicates that in the word-formation category “causation of movement” two main types of word-formation values in derivative verbs are implemented: modification, determined by an original verb of an additional characteristics, and a mutation, which is accompanied by a change in the categorial meaning of the derivative verb, its desemantization. There is a need to form a complete picture of the structural and semantic system of the Russian, German, and Tatar languages in general and the verb system in particular. Thus, this paper gives an opportunity to realize the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of peoples, reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world, and the development of intercultural competence of contemporary people

The representation of women in English and Russian paroemiological pictures of the world

© 2016 Shaimardanova et al.The article touches upon culturological study of concepts which is connected with the analysis of texts (proverbs) where these concepts are fixed and verbalized as a reflection of national culture and consciousness. The objects of the research are English and Russian proverbs and sayings which reflect the gender stereotypes of the compared ethnic groups. During the analysis of the factual material the authors try to identify the model of the female image represented in English and Russian gendermarked proverbs. The article reveals the semantic groups characterizing the portrait of a woman/wife: inner world, behavior, husband (man) - wife (woman) relationships, appearance, age, well-being, generally accepted rules; it turns out that in the both paroemiological pictures of the world a woman / wife has a lower social status than a man. The article proves the existence of an explicit andocentric phenomenon (the reflection of male perspective) that causes negative perception of the female image in English and Russian gender-marked paroemiological units

The representation of women in English and Russian paroemiological pictures of the world

© 2016 Shaimardanova et al.The article touches upon culturological study of concepts which is connected with the analysis of texts (proverbs) where these concepts are fixed and verbalized as a reflection of national culture and consciousness. The objects of the research are English and Russian proverbs and sayings which reflect the gender stereotypes of the compared ethnic groups. During the analysis of the factual material the authors try to identify the model of the female image represented in English and Russian gendermarked proverbs. The article reveals the semantic groups characterizing the portrait of a woman/wife: inner world, behavior, husband (man) - wife (woman) relationships, appearance, age, well-being, generally accepted rules; it turns out that in the both paroemiological pictures of the world a woman / wife has a lower social status than a man. The article proves the existence of an explicit andocentric phenomenon (the reflection of male perspective) that causes negative perception of the female image in English and Russian gender-marked paroemiological units

The representation of women in English and Russian paroemiological pictures of the world

© 2016 Shaimardanova et al.The article touches upon culturological study of concepts which is connected with the analysis of texts (proverbs) where these concepts are fixed and verbalized as a reflection of national culture and consciousness. The objects of the research are English and Russian proverbs and sayings which reflect the gender stereotypes of the compared ethnic groups. During the analysis of the factual material the authors try to identify the model of the female image represented in English and Russian gendermarked proverbs. The article reveals the semantic groups characterizing the portrait of a woman/wife: inner world, behavior, husband (man) - wife (woman) relationships, appearance, age, well-being, generally accepted rules; it turns out that in the both paroemiological pictures of the world a woman / wife has a lower social status than a man. The article proves the existence of an explicit andocentric phenomenon (the reflection of male perspective) that causes negative perception of the female image in English and Russian gender-marked paroemiological units

Synthesis and photophysical studies of through-space conjugated [2.2]paracyclophane-based naphthalene fluorophores

International audienceIn this work we report a straightforward method for the synthesis of a new class of small organic fluorophores bearing both [2.2]paracyclophane and naphthalene subunits using an intramolecular dehydrogenative Diels-Alder reaction as a key step. These compounds are characterized by a compact three-dimensional structure as well as through-space conjugated push-pull systems, and possess interesting spectroscopic characteristics that may be useful for the development of innovative chemical probes and optical sensors. Since the discovery of their parent compound in 1949, 1 mono-and polysubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives (pCp) have attracted increasing attention within the scientic community and have become the object of many studies in the last few decades. Initial investigations on the synthesis and derivatization of [2.2]paracyclophanes mainly aimed at disclosing the unusual reactivity of these molecules. 2 More recently, functionalized pCps have emerged as powerful ligands or auxiliaries in asym-metric catalysis and stereoselective synthesis. 3 Substituted paracyclophanes also found applications in material sciences as monomers for the synthesis of through-space conjugated polymers , 4 or for the production of functionalized surfaces using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. 5 Due to their uncommon electronic structure, [2.2] paracyclophanes display intrinsic uorescence and can be employed to access new organic dyes. Accordingly, a wide range of pCp-based stilbene uorophores have been reported in the literature over the past few years. 6 These molecules typically present a "branched" p-extended three-dimensional structure functionalized with differently substituted para-phenylene vinylene subunits (Fig. 1a). The pCp-based stilbene uo-rophores, whose photophysical properties are generally tuned by introducing electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups on their alkene moieties, revealed to be particularly useful in solid state application for the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), 7 and non-linear optical materials. 8 A different approach to modulate the spectroscopic characteristics of the pCp-based uorophores consists in expanding the benzene rings of [2.2]paracyclophane to functionalized poly-condensed aromatic hydrocarbons. This should lead to more compact dyes potentially useful for the design of innovative chemical probes and biosensors. Surprisingly, this approach has only been scarcely investigated up to now. 9 In this context, our group recently became interested in the possibility to incorporate naphthalene p-conjugated frameworks (Fig. 1b) into one of the aromatic decks of pCp to tune their photophysical properties. 10 We therefore decided to focus our attention on the elaboration of pCp-based naphthalene frameworks (Fig. 1c) by an intramolecular dehydrogenative-Diels-Alder (DDA) reaction. This strategy was reported to be particularly versatile for the synthesis of tunable sol-vatochromic uorophores, 11 but has never been described on pCp. The DDA precursors 4a-h were prepared in three steps starting from differently substituted 4-formyl-[2.2] Fig. 1 (a) Structure of pCp-based stilbene fluorophores. (b) General structure of two-dimensional naphthalene systems. (c) Structure of pCp-based naphthalene fluorophores

Occurrence of stem-pitting strains of Citrus tristeza virus in Croatia

Citrus is grown in Croatia (approximately 1,500 ha of citrus groves) on the Dalmatian Coast and Islands between 42 and 43°30'N. The major species, Citrus unshiu Marc. (Satsuma mandarin), is grafted on trifoliate rootstock. The presence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Satsumas in the Neretva Valley Region was previously reported (3). During the course of a biomolecular characterization of isolates from Croatia, 15 budsticks were collected from field- infected, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-positive sources during the autumn of 2003 near Kaštela, Split, Metković (Neretva Valley), and on the island of Vis. Isolates were propagated by graft transmission to Madam Vinous sweet orange (SwO) and maintained in an insect-proof greenhouse at 21 to 33° C

EXPERIENCE OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INJURIES OF MIDDLE AND LOWER CERVICAL SPINE WHILE DIVING

Objective - to analyze the long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with injuries of middle- and lower cervical spine in diving. Materials and methods. An analysis of surgical treatment of 27 patients and assessment of the long-term results of 20 patients in a period of 6 months to 6 years were performed with analysis of clinical, neurological, radiographic data and mortality. Results. Mostly the C5 vertebra was damaged - in 17 patients (63%). Compression fractures of vertebral bodies met in 6 (22%), compression-comminuted fractures - in 16 (59%) patients, dislocations - in 5 (19%). All patients had neurological disorders. All observations noted rigid stabilization of the spine with an implant made of porous nickel-titanium, the presence of bone-metal block at the level of the damaged vertebral body Mortality in the postoperative period was 26%. In the long-term period the initial neurological symptoms were observed in 7 (30%) patients, 13 (48%) patients had marked regression of neurological symptoms. Full functional maladjustment was observed in 6 patients with no motor function below the damaged segment, originally belonging to groups A and B on the classification of H.L. Frankel. Moderate and mild degree of functional adaptation disorders were present in 5 and 4 patients respectively. In the remaining patients we did not reveal a functional maladjustment. Range of motion in the cervical spine in all patients was considered as good. Conclusions. Anterior decompressive-stabilizing surgeries on the spine with an implant made of porous nickel-titanium and metal plate CSLP allows reliably stabilization of the injured spine and the rehabilitation of this severe category of patients