Polskie i rosyjskie czasowniki fizjologiczne związane z mechaniczną obróbką pokarmu

The theme of the article is the characteristics of Polish and Russian physiological verbs related to mechanic food processing. Research conducted on the material picked from lexicographic sources, belles-lettres and the press intends to detect significant semantic and syntactic particularities of verbs from the semantic group in question

Polskie i rosyjskie czasowniki jedzenia : studium leksykalno-semantyczne

The following thesis belongs to the field of lexical-semantic studies. It aims at a confrontativedescription of Polish and Russian verbs relating to the physiological domain of eating. Verbs denoting the function of eating (in both Polish and Russian linguistics) remain a relatively unexplored and least described lexical category. The present work attempts to identify these verbs and perform their semantic analysis using tools created on the grounds of structural, cognitive and cultural semantics. The analysis consists of three stages. It is performed separately for each subject group. Each research stage is summarised and comparative conclusions are presented. The first stage explicates the meaning structure of Polish and Russian eating verbs, exposed through their decomposition into simpler semantic components (a componential paradigmatic analysis). Next, out of the field of eating verbs, non-synonymous expressions are singled out, grouped into synsets (sets of synonyms). Then, the basic contexts of their occurrence are identified (a componential syntagmatic analysis). The second stage illustrates the fundamental mechanisms of the occurrence of metaphorical meanings on the example of verbs central to the field of eating (a lexical subcategorization, conceptual metaphors). The third stage recreates the more important non-definitional content associated with the base verbs of eating and their expressive synonyms (semantic connotations). The observation of the most common idiomatic expressions, proverbs in which these verbs occur and a review of the representative groups of expressive synonyms have also allowed to make an attempt at reconstructing a fragment of linguistic image of eating reinforced by these synonyms. Apart from an introduction and conclusions the work includes two basic parts: theory and research which are further divided into chapters and subchapters. The first chapter is devoted to the discussion of the current state of research into verbs of eating. The second chapter presents a framework for their description. A detailed description of the selected class of verbs (analysed in three main approaches) is found in the third analytical chapter. Findings of the conducted comparative are presented in appendixes. They can be used in academic didactics in preparation of teaching and learning resources for learners of Russian or Polish as a foreign language, compiling monolingual or bilingual dictionaries as well as in translation

Заметки о грамматике обобщений (на материале афоризмов)

Generalization does not only catch the interest of philosophers, logicians and psychologists but also that of linguists. This is mainly because generalization, which results from human intellectual activity, is reflected in language and therefore also in texts that are created by human beings. Aphorisms are by nature adjusted to expressing generalized information and are considered the most widespread form of expressing the so-called generic language register, as defined by G.A. Zolotova. The main criteria for assigning a given text to this register are a generalized subject and a timeless predicate. By taking into account the above criteria for assigning texts to this register, sentence analysis reveals the most essential features of aphoristic generalizations, which can be shown on the subject-predicate-object axis, including a qualitative, quantitative and space-time description. Bearing in mind the most important structural and semantic characteristics of aphorisms, one may arrive at the conclusion that they reflect features that are typical of sentences with the so-called generalized referential status

Zametki o grammatike obobsenij : (na materiale aforizmov)

Generalization does not only catch the interest of philosophers, logicians and psychologists but also that of linguists. This is mainly because generalization, which results from human intellectual activity, is reflected in language and therefore also in texts that are created by human beings. Aphorisms are by nature adjusted to expressing generalized information and are considered the most widespread form of expressing the so-called generic language register, as defined by G.A. Zolotova. The main criteria for assigning a given text to this register are a generalized subject and a timeless predicate. By taking into account the above criteria for assigning texts to this register, sentence analysis reveals the most essential features of aphoristic generalizations, which can be shown on the subject-predicate-object axis, including a qualitative, quantitative and space-time description. Bearing in mind the most important structural and semantic characteristics of aphorisms, one may arrive at the conclusion that they reflect features that are typical of sentences with the so-called generalized referential status

Zarys gramatyki uogólnień na materiale aforyzmów (ujęcie polsko-rosyjskie)

The study presents the research findings concerning linguistic mechanisms of generalization on the basis of aphorism texts. The aim of the linguistic analysis was to catalogue Polish and Russian determinants of generalization, as well as to bring the generalization strategies typical of an aphoristic style closer. The aphoristic material being analysed allowed for constructing a kind of “generalization grammar”. The work consists of four chapters devoted to particular aspects of sentences having a generalization status. Chapter one concerns the issue of generalizing a subject. Chapter two and three bring the qualitative and quantitative features of generalization closer. In chapter four generalizations in a verbal group were characterized. As a result of the attempt made to holistically describe the material and mechanisms of generalization in relation to the genre analysed a rich source of Polish and Russian generity carriers that partially prove the hypothesis that generalization is a textual category of aphorism was differentiated

Jedzenie przez pryzmat komunikacji : (perspektywa lingwistyczno-kulturowa)

Autorka przedstawia próbę charakterystyki aktu jedzenia jako „zdarzenia” komunikacyjnego i swoistego tekstu kultury w oparciu o główne założenia modelu komunikacji i teorii informacji, a także ogólnej teorii znaków. Zasadniczy cel szkicu sprowadzał się do rekonstrukcji językowo-kulturowego obrazu jedzenia w aspekcie komunikacji międzyludzkiej. W opisie materiału odwoływano się do wybranych metod i narzędzi badawczych wypracowanych w obrębie semantyki lingwistycznej, zwłaszcza w jej odmianie kulturowej. Źródła materiałowe wykorzystane do badania fenomenu jedzenia zostały zawężone głównie do przestrzeni języka polskiego i kultury polskiej, ale w trakcie analizy przywoływano także niektóre przykłady odnoszące do innych kultur. Konstruując model układu komunikacyjnego dla sytuacji jedzenia w kategoriach lingwistycznych, wyodrębniono podstawową relację pomiędzy wykonawcą czynności (osobą jedzącą) a obiektem tej czynności (pokarmem). Analiza materiału wykazała, że obok wyrażanych werbalnie informacji o tym „kto” je, „co” je czy też „w jaki sposób” je, nie mniej istotną rolę w kodowaniu pewnych znaczeń dla odbiorcy pełnią również towarzyszące im komunikaty niewerbalne (odgłosy jedzenia, mowa ciała osoby jedzącej), jak również sygnały konwencjonalne używane w zastępstwie formuły słownej (przekazywane za pomocą odpowiedniego ułożenia sztućców albo też za pośrednictwem samej potrawy bądź określonego sposobu konsumpcji)

Generalizacja w stereotypie na przykładzie aforyzmów (rosyjsko-polska konfrontacja)

The article aims to analyse the mechanism of generalization in stereotyping, which is discussed on the basis of aphorisms. The gathered exemplification data shows that, in aphoristic writing, referring to stereotypes coded in human consciousness is regarded as very lively and creative strategy of expressing improper extrapolation, the forming of which stems form imprecise, unverified and subjective generalization, i.e. logically unfounded ascribing of a particular quality to all the objects of a class with a given name

Nieokreśloność w służbie ogólności, czyli o polskich i rosyjskich wykładnikach referencji nieokreślonej na przykładzie aforyzmów

The article concerns the phenomenon of (in)definiteness, an extremely important subject- matter from a confrontative and typological point of view. The author deals with the issue of using linguistic determinants of an indefinite reference in a general context. Complex semantic subject-matters presented on the example of aphorisms open a perspective for teaching Russian and Polish as a FL.