Comparison of ligament, passive, and net joint moments of the lower limb computed by generic models and inverse dynamics

XV International Symposium on 3-D Analysis of Human Movement, MANCHESTER, ROYAUME-UNI, 03-/07/2018 - 06/07/2018The lower limb passive moments represent the actions of all the passive periarticular structures, including the passive components of the muscle-tendon complex and the ligaments. They significantly contribute to the power generation and absorption during gait (e.g. [1]) but the respective magnitude of the different components is not established. Moreover, although models of ligament moments were implemented in musculoskeletal models (e.g., [2]) and showed a significant influence on the musculo-tendon forces and contact forces [3], the passive moments generated by the ligaments have been never specifically evaluated

SHOULDER JOINT VELOCITY DURING FASTBALL PITCHING IN BASEBALL

The purpose of this study was to assess the rotation and translation velocity of the shoulder complex during fastball pitching in baseball. 8 pitchers from the Dutch AAA team performed each 3 fastball pitches. Their motion was recorded by an opto-electronic device. Kinematic computation was performed using the quaternion algebra. The results showed that the endo-rotation, depression and backward rotation velocity of the humerus at ball release are initiated by a translation of the scapular girdle in the forward and upward direction before ball release

BALL VELOCITY AND ELBOW LOADING IN FASTBALL PITCHING

Among baseball players, the pitchers are the most prone to injuries. These injuries occur mainly at the medial part of the elbow and at the shoulder. It is widely accepted that high joint loading are linked to overuse injury for repetitive motion. At maximal exo-rotation (MER), the elbow maximal abduction moment is predominantly counteracted by the ulnar collateral ligament and causes great stress on this structure. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the elbow maximal abduction moment, ball velocity and technique. Thirteen elite pitchers participated in this study. Elbow maximal abduction moment was computed by an inverse dynamics method. Results indicate that the mean maximal abduction moment of the forearm on the upper arm was 41+-9Nm and can be reduced without hampering ball velocity by lowering the elbow flexion angle at MER

Can the evaluation of marker placement confidence be used as an indicator of gait kinematic variability?

IntroductionThree-dimensional gait analysis is widely used for the clinical assessment of movement disorders. However, measurement error reduces the reliability of kinematic data and consequently assessment of gait deviations. The identification of high variability is associated with low reliability and those parameters should be ignored or excluded from gait data interpretation. Moreover, marker placement error has been demonstrated to be the biggest source of variability in gait analysis and may be affected by factors intrinsic to the evaluators such as the evaluator's expertise which could be appraised through his/her experience and confidence in marker placement.ObjectivesIn the present study, we hypothesized that confidence in marker placement is correlated with kinematic variability and could potentially be used as part of a score of reliability. Therefore, we have proposed a questionnaire to evaluate qualitatively the confidence of evaluators in lower-limb marker placement. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the presented questionnaire. The secondary objective was to test a possible relationship between marker placement confidence and kinematics variability.MethodsTo do so, test-retest gait data were acquired from two different experimental protocols. One protocol included data from a cohort of 32 pathological and 24 asymptomatic subjects where gait analysis was repeated three times, involving two evaluators. A second protocol included data from a cohort of 8 asymptomatic adults with gait analysis repeated 12 times, per participant, and involving four evaluators with a wider range of experience.ResultsResults demonstrated that the questionnaire proposed is valid and reliable to evaluate qualitatively the confidence of evaluators in placing markers. Indeed, confidence scores were correlated with the actual variability of marker placement and revealed the evaluator's experience and the subjects' characteristics. However, no correlation was observed between confidence scores and kinematic variability and the formulated hypothesis was not supported

Modélisation articulaire pour la cinématique et la dynamique du membre inférieur

The main objective of this work is to overcome the most classical hypotheses used in kinematics (lower pair mechanical joints) and inverse dynamics computation (joints without resistance) including the estimation of muscular forces. Kinematics is addressed in the first part of the thesis by using “geometric” kinematic models consisting in simple elements (sphere, plane, shaft) modeling the anatomical structures. These models correspond to constraints in the kinematic computation (especially in multi-body optimization). The work consisted in introducing deformable ligaments by using a penalty-based method. It has beenshowed that this method used with a generic geometric model improved the estimation of the knee kinematics from the skin markers, when compared to more classical methods, and introduce physiological couplings between the degrees of freedom. Model personalization is also considered thanks to the flexibility of the method. The influence of the passive structure actions during gait is studied in the second part of the thesis. The work consisted in a local and a global study of those actions. The local study showed that the influence on the joint contact and musculo-tendon forces of the ligament passive moments is limited. The global study showed that the passive moments of the whole peri-articular structures contribute to the motor moments during gait and that the passive ligament moments available in the literature are not appropriate. The long term objective of those studies is to develop a multi-scale approach of the lower limb modeling. The proposed articular modeling (with more complex joints) allows a better interaction between the different scales of modeling (rigid multi-body vs. finite elements).L’analyse 3D du mouvement humain repose généralement sur un ensemble d’hypothèses permettant de modéliser et d’approcher la complexité du corps humain. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de s’affranchir des hypothèses les plus classiques (liaisons simples et parfaites de type rotule ou pivot) dans les calculs de cinématique et de dynamique inverse allant jusqu'à l'estimation des forces musculo-tendineuses. La première partie de la thèse traite de la cinématique articulaire du genou à l’aide de modèles cinématiques « géométriques » représentant les structures anatomiques par des éléments simples (sphère, plan, barre). Ces modèles apparaissent sous la forme de contraintes lors des calculs de cinématique (effectués notamment par optimisation multi-segmentaire). Le travail réalisé a consisté à introduire des ligaments déformables par l’utilisation de méthodes de pénalités pour la gestion de cescontraintes. Il a été montré que ces méthodes, utilisées avec un modèle géométrique générique, permettaient une amélioration de l’estimation de la cinématique du genou in-vivo basée sur des marqueurs cutanés (par rapport aux autres méthodes classiques) en introduisant des couplages articulaires physiologiques. La flexibilité des méthodes permet également d’envisager lapersonnalisation des modèles. La seconde partie se penche sur la dynamique du membre inférieur en étudiant l’influence des actionspassives des structures péri-articulaires durant la marche. Le travail a consisté en une étude locale et une étude globale de ces actions. L’étude locale a montré que l’influence des moments passifs ligamentaires reste limitée sur les forces musculo-tendineuses et les forces de contact articulaire. L’étude globale a montré que les moments passifs de l’ensemble des structures péri-articulaires ontune contribution substantielle aux moments moteurs durant la marche et que les modèles de moments passifs ligamentaires disponibles dans la littérature ne sont pas fiables. L’ensemble de ces développements cherche, à terme, à permettre une approche multi-échelle de la modélisation du membre inférieur. Dans cette optique, la modélisation articulaire proposée (avec desliaisons qui ne sont plus ni simples ni parfaites) permet un couplage plus adapté entre les différentes modélisations (de type multi-corps rigides articulés et éléments finis)

Articular modeling in kinematics and dynamics of the lower limb

L’analyse 3D du mouvement humain repose généralement sur un ensemble d’hypothèses permettant de modéliser et d’approcher la complexité du corps humain. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de s’affranchir des hypothèses les plus classiques (liaisons simples et parfaites de type rotule ou pivot) dans les calculs de cinématique et de dynamique inverse allant jusqu'à l'estimation des forces musculo-tendineuses. La première partie de la thèse traite de la cinématique articulaire du genou à l’aide de modèles cinématiques « géométriques » représentant les structures anatomiques par des éléments simples (sphère, plan, barre). Ces modèles apparaissent sous la forme de contraintes lors des calculs de cinématique (effectués notamment par optimisation multi-segmentaire). Le travail réalisé a consisté à introduire des ligaments déformables par l’utilisation de méthodes de pénalités pour la gestion de cescontraintes. Il a été montré que ces méthodes, utilisées avec un modèle géométrique générique, permettaient une amélioration de l’estimation de la cinématique du genou in-vivo basée sur des marqueurs cutanés (par rapport aux autres méthodes classiques) en introduisant des couplages articulaires physiologiques. La flexibilité des méthodes permet également d’envisager lapersonnalisation des modèles. La seconde partie se penche sur la dynamique du membre inférieur en étudiant l’influence des actionspassives des structures péri-articulaires durant la marche. Le travail a consisté en une étude locale et une étude globale de ces actions. L’étude locale a montré que l’influence des moments passifs ligamentaires reste limitée sur les forces musculo-tendineuses et les forces de contact articulaire. L’étude globale a montré que les moments passifs de l’ensemble des structures péri-articulaires ontune contribution substantielle aux moments moteurs durant la marche et que les modèles de moments passifs ligamentaires disponibles dans la littérature ne sont pas fiables. L’ensemble de ces développements cherche, à terme, à permettre une approche multi-échelle de la modélisation du membre inférieur. Dans cette optique, la modélisation articulaire proposée (avec desliaisons qui ne sont plus ni simples ni parfaites) permet un couplage plus adapté entre les différentes modélisations (de type multi-corps rigides articulés et éléments finis).The main objective of this work is to overcome the most classical hypotheses used in kinematics (lower pair mechanical joints) and inverse dynamics computation (joints without resistance) including the estimation of muscular forces. Kinematics is addressed in the first part of the thesis by using “geometric” kinematic models consisting in simple elements (sphere, plane, shaft) modeling the anatomical structures. These models correspond to constraints in the kinematic computation (especially in multi-body optimization). The work consisted in introducing deformable ligaments by using a penalty-based method. It has beenshowed that this method used with a generic geometric model improved the estimation of the knee kinematics from the skin markers, when compared to more classical methods, and introduce physiological couplings between the degrees of freedom. Model personalization is also considered thanks to the flexibility of the method. The influence of the passive structure actions during gait is studied in the second part of the thesis. The work consisted in a local and a global study of those actions. The local study showed that the influence on the joint contact and musculo-tendon forces of the ligament passive moments is limited. The global study showed that the passive moments of the whole peri-articular structures contribute to the motor moments during gait and that the passive ligament moments available in the literature are not appropriate. The long term objective of those studies is to develop a multi-scale approach of the lower limb modeling. The proposed articular modeling (with more complex joints) allows a better interaction between the different scales of modeling (rigid multi-body vs. finite elements)

Contribution of passive actions to the lower limb joint moments and powers during gait: A comparison of models

The lower limb passive actions representing the actions of all the passive periarticular structures have been shown to have a significant contribution to the power generation and absorption during gait. However, the respective magnitude of its different components was not established, although models of ligament moment were implemented in some musculoskeletal models. These ligament moments have shown to have an influence on the musculo-tendon forces and contact forces but the models used were never specifically evaluated, that is, compared to the passive and net joint moments. Two models of passive joint moments and three models of ligament moments were selected from the literature. Ten subjects (23?29?years old, 79.8?±?9.5?kg, 1.85?±?0.06?m) participated in the study. Each subject performed three gait cycles in a gait laboratory to acquire the kinematics and ground reaction forces and to compute the ligament, passive and net moments of the right lower limb joints. The contributions of the passive joint moments to the net joint moments were in accordance with the literature, although time shifts appeared for peaks in the hip and knee powers. Two of the models of ligament moments seemed, in fact, to represent the passive joint moments as their contributions were very similar while the third model of ligament moments seemed to represent only penalty-based joint limits. As a conclusion, this study showed that the models of ligament moments existing in the literature do not seem reliable. This study also demonstrated that the use of non-subject-specific models of the passive joint moments could be a valid approach for healthy subjects

Fusion of motion capture and bi-plane x-rays

AbstractThis deposit contains motion capture files during walking and bi-plane x-rays of 2 patients with hip osteo-arthritis and 2 patients with total hip arthroplasty

Multi-body optimisation with deformable ligament constraints: influence of ligament geometry

37e Congrès de la Société de Biomécanique, BESANCON, FRANCE, 16-/10/2012 - 16/10/2012Soft tissue artefacts are one of the major issues in biomechanics. Several methods can be used to compensate those artefacts such as the multi-body optimisation (MO). Duprey et al. (2010) have developed a versatile MO method that allows the utilisation of parallel mechanisms one degree of freedom developed by Feikes et al. (2003) and DiGregorio et al. (2007) for the knee and ankle, respectively. One of the limitations of the parallel mechanism used to model the knee joint (Feikes et al. 2003) is that only three isometric ligaments are considered. The aim of this study was to introduce in the MO a more detailed model with four ligaments and to compare two set of ligaments.The introduction of four bundles implies managing the ligament constraints with a weighted penalty-based method

The modern state of femoral, acetabular, and global offsets in total hip arthroplasty: a narrative review

Offsets in the frontal plane are important for hip function. Research on total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery agrees that increasing femoral offset up to 5 mm could improve functional outcome measures. The literature indicates that global offset is a key parameter that physicians should restore within 5 mm during surgery and avoid decreasing. Substantiated findings on acetabular offset are lacking despite its recognized importance, and the medialization approach must be assessed in light of its shortcomings. Future research, possibly through improved measurement, unified definitions, patient-specific surgical planning, and technology-enhanced surgical control, with specific focus on acetabular offset, is needed to better understand its impact on THA outcomes. </ul