Influenza vaccination of elderly: relaunch time

Influenza can be a serious disease and constitutes a threat to the population. Every year, seasonal influenza epidemics affect about 5-15% of the world's population. Some frail categories (such as the elderly) can develop complications, request hospitalization, and may die. In order to reduce the medical, social and economic burden of influenza, vaccination is recommended by many health authorities worldwide. Italy has a national programme of influenza vaccination which targets specific categories, such as subjects with chronic conditions, pregnant women, healthcare workers and those over 65 years old. Despite this opportunity for prevention, however, vaccination coverage in Italy does not reach the minimum recommended threshold of 75%. This paper reports some interventions that can improve coverage rates of the elderly, such as "tailor-made" information campaigns, healthcare workers training and the adoption of innovative communication strategies in order to implement vaccination strategies that take into account the needs of the elderly population, the involvement of elderly people's associations in awareness-raising activities and strengthening the role of general practitioners in promoting influenza vaccination

Androgens and Severe Insulin Resistance States: Basic and Clinical Aspects

Hyperandrogenism with or without polycystic ovary syndrome can be sustained by an extreme form of insulin resistance (IR), and is thus a secondary form of hyperandrogenism, which may be due to a defect in insulin signal transduction or in the adipose tissue. Severe IR due to adipose tissue dysfunction is the most frequent form, which may be the result of a deficiency in the adipose tissue, that is, the lipodystrophies, or to the unrestrained accumulation of adipose tissue. These forms are in some cases produced by a single-gene defect. The diagnosis remains predominantly clinical by examining patients in their underwear and looking out for clinical hallmarks, supported by biochemical biomarkers. Gene screening is necessary to corroborate the diagnosis of some forms. Clinicians who deal with hyperandrogenic disorders should be alerted to the forms that are secondary to severe IR, as they are not as uncommon as often imagined and frequently respond to tailored therapies

Muon spin rotation and relaxation in the superconducting ferromagnet UCoGe

We report zero-field muon spin rotation and relaxation measurements on the superconducting ferromagnet UCoGe. Weak itinerant ferromagnetic order is detected by a spontaneous muon spin precession frequency below the Curie temperature $T_C = 3$ K. The $\mu^+$ precession frequency persists below the bulk superconducting transition temperature $T_{sc} = 0.5$ K, where it measures a local magnetic field $B_{loc} = 0.015$ T. The amplitude of the $\mu$SR signal provides unambiguous proof for ferromagnetism present in the whole sample volume. We conclude ferromagnetism coexists with superconductivity on the microscopic scale.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in PR

Plasma Membranes in Psoriatic Cells. A Freeze-fracture Study

A freeze-fracture study of affected and unaffected psoriatic skin has demonstrated the presence of marked modification of the plasma membrane in the psoriatic lesion. In the lower layers of the epidermis, an increase of membrane associated particles was observed in many keratinocytes, possibly representing the morphological intramembranous equivalent of changes in the outer cell membrane demonstrated with cytochemical techniques. Furthermore, in the malphighian layer, numerous gap junctions have been found, which may be interpreted as a phenomenon compensating the uncontrolled proliferation, and may represent a point of differentiation between cell proliferation in psoriasis and neoplasia. This technique confirmed the poor tendency to adhesion of keratinocytes in extrajunctional areas, which had already been shown by other morphological techniques

Il Museo Geofisico di Rocca di Papa: tra divulgazione e ricerca scientifica

The Geophysical Museum of Rocca di Papa is located in an historical, three floor building, of the small town Rocca di Papa, twentyfive kilometres from Rome. The edifice was, until 1931, the place of the Geodynamic Observatory, created in 1889 by the famous seismologist Michele Stefano De Rossi. The museum is due to an agreement between the Town Council of Rocca di Papa and the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (INGV, one of the most important European Research Institutions operating in geophysics) signed in 2000. After bureaucratic passages and two years of important restoration the museum was open to the public at 26th February 2005. The main aim of the Geophysical Museum is to illustrate how experimental data and information, accumulated by science in the course of time, led to new hypotheses on the internal structure of the Earth. The target of the educational and of the scientific disciplines of the Museum is mainly school students of all ages, but also local residents, and tourists: since its opening, approximately two years ago, the Museum has been visited by more than eight-thousand people. Posters, movie presentations, plastics, games and interactive experiments explain to visitors the main topics of geophysics and the stages of scientific research which led to the modern concept of the Earth internal model. Seismic instruments and games are easily accessible so that the visitor can interact with them: experimental data are recorded in real time and displayed through different monitors placed throughout the rooms. The museum has also a small cinema for three dimensional projections which allow visitors to experience a virtual tour on the Alban Hills, the seismic zone where the museum is located, and also on some other Italian tectonic belts where earthquakes occurred in past. The article introduces the museum and the seismological characteristics of the area, and describes the activities, the exhibits of the Museum and their methodology

Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Croatia

This study intended to verify, through microbiological techniques and TEM investigations, the killing of bacterial spores after treatment in steam autoclave, and to propose strictly morphological considerations about the target of this sterilisation process. Autoclave is the most common device for sterilising instruments in order to prevent cross infections in dental offices. The autoclave efficiency has been improved in the last years and part of this improvement is related to both a better and more correct use of the autoclave system and to the technological innovations introduced in the last generation of devices. However, associations as ADA or CDC suggest to regularly verify the process of 'autoclaving' through biological indicators (BI). The most commonly used BI are made of spores strips or suspensions of Bacillus Subtilis (pb 168) and Bacillus Stearothermophilus (ATCC 10149). They visually prove, changing colours on enzymatic base, the death of micro-organism and if the physical parameters, necessary for sterilisation, have been achieved. These two strains of endospore-forming bacteria were processed and prepared following two different techniques: Karnovsky fixed and epon embedded--phosphotungstic acid fixed for direct observation. The kind and the extent of analysed modifications are extremely various: from deep lacerations, which changed the spore structure, to little clefts which let the cytoplasm go out

The Specific Heat of a Ferromagnetic Film.

We analyze the specific heat for the $O(N)$ vector model on a $d$-dimensional film geometry of thickness $L$ using ``environmentally friendly'' renormalization. We consider periodic, Dirichlet and antiperiodic boundary conditions, deriving expressions for the specific heat and an effective specific heat exponent, \alpha\ef. In the case of $d=3$, for $N=1$, by matching to the exact exponent of the two dimensional Ising model we capture the crossover for \xi_L\ra\infty between power law behaviour in the limit {L\over\xi_L}\ra\infty and logarithmic behaviour in the limit {L\over\xi_L}\ra0 for fixed $L$, where $\xi_L$ is the correlation length in the transverse dimensions.Comment: 21 pages of Plain TeX. Postscript figures available upon request from [email protected]

Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and chlamydial/ HPV co-infection among HPV-unvaccinated young italian females with normal cytology

Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are the two main sexually transmitted infections; however, epidemiological data on Ct prevalence and Ct/HPV co-infection in Italy are scant. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of Ct infection and Ct/HPV co-infection in young HPV-unvaccinated females with normal cytology, and placed particular attention on the possible association between Ct-DNA positivity and different HPV infecting genotypes. Five hundred 66 healthy females aged 16-26 years without cervical lesions, previously assessed for HPV infection (HPV-DNA prevalence: 18.2%), were tested for Ct-DNA. The overall prevalence of Ct was 5.8% (95% CI: 4.2-8.1), while Ct/HPV co-infection was recorded in 2.7% (95% CI: 1.6-4.3) of subjects. Compared with HPV-DNA-negative females, HPV-DNA positive subjects had significantly (P < 0.001) higher odds of being infected with Ct (odds ratio of 4.20, 95% CI: 2.01-8.71). Both Ct and Ct/HPV infections were much more prevalent in under 18-year-olds than in older women. Subjects positive for single high-risk HPV genotypes and various multiple HPV infections had higher odds of being Ct-DNA positive. Our findings confirm that HPV and Ct infections are very common among asymptomatic young Italian females. This underlines the urgent need for nationwide Ct screening programs and reinforcement of sexual health education, which would be the most important public health strategies, since no Ct vaccines are currently available

Comprehensive Review on the Dynamic and Seismic Behavior of Flat-Bottom Cylindrical Silos Filled With Granular Material

The seismic design of industrial flat-bottom ground-supported silos filled with granular material still presents several challenges to be addressed. They are related to the main aspects which differentiate silo structures containing granular material from other civil structural typologies: 1) the relatively low silo structure mass as compared to the ensiled content mass; 2) the granular nature of the ensiled material. Indeed, the internal actions in the structural members are governed by the complex dynamic interactions along the interfaces between granular content and silo wall or base, or even the internal interaction between particles. More in detail, even though the scientific interest in such complex interactions dates back to the middle of the 19th century, several issues are still unclear such as the dependency of the fundamental dynamic properties (period of vibration and damping ratio) on the characteristics of the dynamic excitation (intensity, frequency content, duration) or the amount of ensiled material mass activated during a seismic excitation and provoking extra pressures on the wall (effective mass). Therefore, most of current seismic code provisions for silos are grounded on rather approximate and simplified assumptions leading to often over-conservative evaluations. The present paper intends to provide a comprehensive summary of the mainly acknowledged experimental and theoretical advances in the dynamic and seismic behavior of silos, supporting the potential researcher in the field to understand the real differences between the code assumptions and recommendations and the actual conditions, as well as illustrating the open issues to be still further investigated