Chain algebras of finite distributive lattices

We introduce a family of toric algebras defined by maximal chains of a finite distributive lattice. When the lattice is planar, the corresponding chain algebra is isomorphic to a Hibi ring. As a consequence it has a defining toric ideal with a quadratic Gr\"obner basis, and its $h$-vector counts ascents in certain standard Young tableaux. If instead the lattice has dimension $n>2$, we will show that the defining ideal has minimal generators of degree at least $n$. We will also give a combinatorial interpretation of the Krull dimension of a chain algebra

The numerical cultural code in the Dagestani proverbial picture of the world

This article contains a study of the numerical code in the Dagestani languages in the linguistic and cultural aspect on the basis of paremiological units as a fragment of the Dagestani language picture of the world. The relevance of this kind of research is caused by the interest in the means of presenting the quantitative aspect in relation to the content. The analysis of the defined semantic category based on the Dagestani languages seems relevant regarding the cognitive approach, which makes it possible to reveal the specificity of the linguistic representation of the category of numbers in the Dagestani languages and the national cultural components of the cultural numeric code of the linguistic picture of the world. Each Dagestani language had its own system of calculation and measurement. It was actively used to calculate animals, plants, measures of length, volume, weight, area and time. The most productive and symbolic in the paremiology of the studied languages are the first ten numerals. Words with numerical symbols represent both desirable and undesirable situations in a person's life, when there is a problem of choosing and determining one’s position. In linguoculturological aspect of particular interest are the landmarks of space and time associated with human life and its "existence" after death.peer-reviewe

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE MULTILINGUAL AND MULTICULTURAL SPACE

Abstract. This article considers the problems of the sociolinguistic and linguistic conditionsfor the functioning of languages in a multi-ethnic and multicultural region of the Republic of Dagestan.Such a multi aspect scientific problem includes the study of various types of interference in the Russian language of Dagestanis and the analysis of the specifics of their Russian language, the problems of the linguistic identity of students in Dagestan schools and universities, the dynamics of the development of the language situation and the research of the role and importance of Russian as a factor of interethnic interaction in the region. The Russian language is acquired in contact with national languages, acquiring characteristic specificity at all language levels. This serves to form a specific version of the Russian language. The regional version of the Russian literary language - ethnolect - is formed on the basis of not one, but various numerous ethnic groups, which leads to its internal heterogeneity.Keywords: Russian language, Dagestan languages, sociolinguistics, language situation, national languagecorps, interference, bilingualism, national-Russian bilingualism

Grupos semânticos de adjetivos-epítetos em contos folclóricos russos

The lexical-semantic groups of adjectives-epithets in Russian folk tales are considered in the article. This is an analytical-historical research used to obtain data from the documentary methodology. The resuls showed that the semantic groups of nouns, defined by adjectives, are marked; national cultural connotations, expressed by adjectival substantive combinations, are detected in Russian tales. Various codes of culture are defined, with which described adjectives-epithets, used in direct and figurative (metaphorical and metonymic) meanings, correlate and their linguocultural significance is actualized as fragments of the Russian language picture of the world. In some cases attention is applied to use specific for Russian language suffixes in adjectives, expressing positive or, on the contrary, negative connotations.Los grupos léxico-semánticos de adjetivos-epítetos en los cuentos populares rusos se consideran en el artículo. Esta es una investigación histórico-analítica utilizada para obtener datos de la metodología documental. Los resultados mostraron que los grupos semánticos de sustantivos, definidos por adjetivos, están marcados; Las connotaciones culturales nacionales, expresadas por combinaciones sustantivas de adjetivo, se detectan en los cuentos rusos. Se definen varios códigos de cultura, con los cuales se describen los adjetivos-epítetos, utilizados en significados directos y figurativos (metafóricos y metonímicos), se correlacionan y su importancia lingüística se actualiza como fragmentos de la imagen del mundo en idioma ruso. En algunos casos, se aplica atención al uso específico de los sufijos del idioma ruso en los adjetivos, que expresan connotaciones positivas o, por el contrario, negativas.Os grupos léxico-semânticos de adjetivos-epítetos em contos folclóricos russos são considerados no artigo. Esta é uma pesquisa analítico-histórica usada para obter dados da metodologia documental. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos semânticos de substantivos, definidos por adjetivos, são marcados; conotações culturais nacionais, expressas por combinações substantivas adjetivas, são detectadas em contos russos. São definidos vários códigos de cultura, com os quais se descrevem os adjetivos-epítetos, utilizados em significados diretos e figurativos (metafóricos e metonímicos), correlacionados e seu significado linguocultural se atualiza como fragmentos da imagem de língua russa do mundo. Em alguns casos, aplica-se atenção ao uso específico de sufixos de língua russa em adjetivos, expressando conotações positivas ou, ao contrário, negativas

generation, investigation and application for organics removal from water

Nachteile der bestehenden Verfahren zur Wasseraufbereitung sind unvollständiger Abbau von organischen Verunreinigungen und die Verwendung von chemischen Substanzen. Daher ist es erforderlich alternative Verfahren zur Wasseraufbereitung zu entwickeln. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein neues Verfahren zur Wasseraufbereitung basierend auf elektrische Entladungen entwickelt und untersucht. Durch die gleichzeitige Nutzung von physikalischen Effekten (Stoßwellen, thermische Effekte, UV/VIS Strahlung) und chemischen Reaktionen (Bildung der reaktiven Radikalen) soll das Verfahren den Abbau von ozonrefraktären Stoffen ermöglichen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Anwendbarkeit der im Wasser generierten elektrischen Entladungen für den Abbau von organischen Stoffen untersucht. Dazu gehörten Studien zur Plasmagenerierung, Plasmacharakterisierung und dem Abbau von ausgewählten organischen Substanzen. Die Entladungsbildung im Wasser wurde unter Verwendung von Hochspannungsimpulsen im nanosekunden Bereich (maximale Flankensteilheit 800 ns) an großflächigen Elektroden (wirksame Fläche jeder Elektrode 2 cm2) durchgeführt. Das besondere Augenmerk wurde auf den Einfluss der Elektrodenbeschichtung auf die Plasmagenerierung gelegt. Reproduzierbare Streamer konnten unter Verwendung einer α-Al2O3-Beschichtung erreicht werden. Die Untersuchung der elektrischen Entladungen erfolgte durch Emissionsspektrometrie. Intensive Strahlung im optischen Bereich (200-800 nm) konnte beobachtet werden. Außerdem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die elektrischen Entladungen im Wasser zur Bildung von verschiedenen reaktiven Spezies einschließlich eines sehr starken Oxidationsmittels – Hydroxyl-Radikal – führen. Das generierte Plasma wurde auch im Hinblick auf die grundlegenden Plasmaparameter – die Plasmatemperatur und die Elektronendichte – charakterisiert. Es wurde ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Auswirkungen der durchschnittlichen elektrischen Feldstärke und Leitfähigkeit der Lösung auf elektrische Entladungen gelegt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Entladungsbildung, physikalischen und chemischen Effekte von der Leitfähigkeit im Bereich von 0.3 μS/cm – 10 mS/cm abhängen. Somit erleichtert die hohe Leitfähigkeit der Lösung die Entladungsbildung und führt zur intensiveren Lichtstrahlung, die Bildung von reaktiven Spezies wird jedoch verringert. Es wurde auch festgestellt, dass die hohe durchschnittlichen elektrischen Feldstärken die Entladungsbildung fördert sowie die physikalischen und chemischen Effekte verstärkt. Die Anwendbarkeit der elektrischen Entladungen zur Wasseraufbereitung wurde am Beispiel des Abbaus ausgewählter ozonrefraktärer Verbindungen gezeigt. Als Modellverbindungen wurden die pharmazeutischen Substanzen Diclofenac, Iopamidol, Metoprolol, Bisphenol A und Carbamazepin und Trifluoressigsäure verwendet. Es konnte ein Abbau bis zu 92% erreicht werden, obwohl der Energieverbrauch im Bereich von mg/kWh lag. Die vorliegende Studie lässt den Schluss zu, dass elektrische Entladungen im Wasser ein großes Potenzial für die chemikalienfreie Behandlung von kleinen Abwassermengen besitzen.The inability of the existing methods of water treatment to completely degrade recalcitrant organic contaminants and the use of chemical substances in water treatment process forces the scientific world to develop alternative decisions for water treatment. In the present study, a novel method of water treatment based on application of electrical discharges was investigated. Owing to the simultaneous initiation of physical effects (shock waves, thermal effects, UV/Vis light emissions) and chemical reactions (formation of reactive radicals), the method of electrical discharges is supposed to be environmentally friendly as no additional chemicals are required. It represents the main advantage over such competing methods of water treatment as Advanced Oxidation Processes. This study was aimed to investigate the applicability of electrical discharges generated directly in water for organics removal. The approach undertaken in the present study included the description of the discharge generation, its investigation as well as the demonstration of organics removal. The electrical discharge generation was performed directly in water using nanosecond high-voltage pulses of direct current (maximal pulse rise time of 800 ns) applied across the large area electrodes (effective area of each electrode is 2 cm2). Special attention was paid on the effect of the electrode coating. The usual problem of streamer reproducibility in time was also highlighted and successfully solved. The investigation of the obtained electrical discharges was carried out using emission spectrometry which enabled to estimate their physical and chemical activities. Underwater electrical discharges were shown to be a source of intense light radiation in the entire optical region (200-800 nm). Besides, underwater electrical discharge phenomenon was demonstrated to lead to the formation of various reactive species including a very strong oxidant – hydroxyl radial. The created plasma was also characterized in terms of the basic plasma parameters – plasma temperature and electron density. Among all the experimental parameters, special attention was paid on the impact of average electric field strength and solution conductivity on electrical discharges. It was found that solution conductivity tested in the range of 0.3 μS/cm – 10 mS/cm made different effects on the discharge inception, physical and chemical activities of the electrical discharges. Thus, higher solution conductivity facilitated electrical discharge generation and led to the more intense light radiation; however, decreased the formation of reactive species. It was also found that high values of average electric field strength facilitated electrical discharge generation as well as enhanced its physical and chemical activities. The applicability of the electrical discharges for water treatment was proved on the example of degradation of recalcitrant compounds: five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, iopamidol, metoprolol, bisphenol A and carmabazepine) and trifluoroacetic acid. The method of electrical discharges was shown to be effective for removal of the selected compounds (removal rates up to 92%), however, the energy consumption was high. The latter aspect represents a challenge for this water treatment technique and should be improved in the future work. The experimental work carried out in the present study enables to conclude that electrical discharges in water have a great potential as a novel, chemical-free method of water treatment which could represent an alternative to the conventional methods. The main outputs of the study could be used for the future investigation of underwater electrical discharge phenomenon as well as for the future development of this method of water treatment